Describe the function of each organelle
Golgi apparatus

The disorder characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation is known as emphysema. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that affects the lungs and is usually caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke or air pollution.

In emphysema, the walls of the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) become damaged and lose their elasticity, leading to the formation of abnormally large air spaces. This makes it difficult for the lungs to effectively exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration, resulting in shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and other respiratory symptoms.

Emphysema is a progressive disease that can cause significant lung damage and can ultimately be fatal if left untreated. Treatment options may include medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and in severe cases, surgery such as lung volume reduction or lung transplantation. Smoking cessation is also a crucial aspect of managing emphysema and preventing further lung damage.

To know more about the emphysema refer here :

https://brainly.com/question/29345230#

#SPJ11

The possible phenotype of the unknown plant can be either tall stem purple flowers or short stem purple flowers. The correct options are B and A.

Thus, the known plant has the genotype TTpp or Ttpp (tall stem, white flower) because it only produces tall stem and purple flowers. The ratio obtained from the cross will be 3:3:1:1, suggesting that the unknown plant is heterozygous for both characteristics which also determines the phenotype of the plant.

The possible genotype of the unknown plant is TtPp or TTPp or TtPP or TTPP. The phenotype of the unknown plant is determined by looking at the dominant traits that are expressed. As tallness and purple flowers are dominant traits, the unknown plant must have at least one dominant allele for each of these traits in order to express them.

Thus, the ideal selections are option B and option C.

Learn more about the phenotype here:

https://brainly.com/question/20730322

#SPJ1

The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

Starting at the nose, air enters the body and passes through the nasal cavities. This air is then warmed, humidified, and filtered as it passes through the nasal passages. From the nose, air enters the mouth, which provides an alternate route for air to enter the body.

The air then passes through the pharynx, which is a short tube that serves as a passageway for both food and air. After the pharynx, the air moves into the larynx, which is a short, hollow tube located at the top of the trachea. The larynx serves to protect the trachea from foreign objects and contains the vocal cords, which are responsible for vocalization.

The trachea is a long, thin tube that extends from the larynx to the bronchi. The bronchi are two tubes that branch off the trachea and enter the lungs. The bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which further divide into tiny air sacs known as alveoli.

know more about respiratory tract here

https://brainly.com/question/28990432#

#SPJ11

I believe that regulators in the United States should apply the precautionary principle to chemicals for which toxicity levels have not been determined.

By doing this, regulators can ensure that the public is protected from potentially hazardous substances, even before toxicity levels are known. This is especially important given that many chemicals and substances have been found to be dangerous to humans even after they have been used for a long time.

The precautionary principle can help to prevent potential health risks to people by ensuring that dangerous substances are not released into the environment before their toxicity levels are known.

Know more about toxicity levels here

https://brainly.com/question/28042025#

#SPJ11

Lactose is found in milk products. It is converted by the body into a usable form in a series of chemical reactions. The diagram shows the series of reactions that convert lactose into a usable form. The appropriate response will be Each enzyme is specific to its substrate.

Enzymes are  described as proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

There are several factors that cause an enzyme to be denatured; one of them is an increase in temperature.

So, when enzyme II is denatured, its molecular structure changes, and it In conclusion, the galactose increases when enzyme II is denatured.

Learn more about an enzyme at:

https://brainly.com/question/1596855

#SPJ1

Live attenuated vaccines involve the introduction of a weakened form of a virus or bacteria into the host.

This weakened form of the virus or bacteria triggers an immune response from the host, which then synthesizes viral antigens. These antigens are then used to create an immunity to the virus or bacteria. This type of vaccine is different than inactivated vaccines, which are made of dead or inactive versions of the virus or bacteria.

This type of vaccine is effective because it mimics a natural infection, allowing the body to build a strong immunity to the virus or bacteria. The immunity created by this type of vaccine can last for several years, making it a long-term solution for providing immunity.

Live attenuated vaccines are beneficial because they are inexpensive and easy to produce, making them widely available. Examples of live attenuated vaccines include the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the varicella (chicken pox) vaccine.

know more about vaccines here

https://brainly.com/question/29570766#

#SPJ11

Out of the given options, two brush border enzymes help complete starch digestion. These are dextrinase and glucoamylase.

Dextrinase is an enzyme that breaks down dextrin, a type of carbohydrate formed during the digestion of starch. It cleaves off glucose units from the ends of dextrin chains, converting them into maltose. Maltose is further broken down by another brush border enzyme called maltase.

Glucoamylase, on the other hand, acts on the maltose molecule and breaks it down into individual glucose units. These glucose units can then be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body for energy.

Carboxypeptidase and enterokinase are not brush border enzymes involved in starch digestion. Carboxypeptidase is involved in protein digestion, while enterokinase activates pancreatic enzymes for protein digestion. Maltase, as mentioned earlier, acts on maltose rather than starch.

In summary, dextrinase and glucoamylase are brush border enzymes that help complete starch digestion by breaking down starch into glucose units.

To know more about brush border enzymes, refer to the link below:

https://brainly.com/question/31419547#

#SPJ11

The carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle are both important for the availability of the four classes of organic compounds. Carbon is the backbone of all organic compounds, and it cycles through the atmosphere, land, and oceans.

Through photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is taken up by plants and combined with water to form the sugar used for energy and for the building blocks of other organic compounds. Nitrogen is an essential component in the formation of proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic molecules.

It cycles through the atmosphere, land, and oceans, where it is converted by bacteria into a form usable by plants. As plants take up nitrogen and use it to create organic molecules, they in turn become food for animals, passing organic molecules up the food chain. Thus, the availability of organic molecules is dependent upon the continuous cycling of both carbon and nitrogen.

know more about carbon cycle here

https://brainly.com/question/30633292#

#SPJ11

a. The SRT is approximately 91.3 days and the HRT is approximately 9.89 minutes for the aeration tank to achieve a sludge recycle that can meet an effluent standard of 11 mg/l BOD5.

b. The required volume of the aeration tank is 500 liters.

c. The F/M ratio in the aeration tank is 0.0435.

d. The volumetric loading rate in kg BOD5/m3-d for the aeration tank is 0.4 kg BOD5/m3-d.

e. The mass of solids wasted each day is 1,236,000,000 mg/day.
The volume of solids wasted each day is 1,236 L/day.

a. To calculate the SRT and HRT for the aeration tank, we can use the following equations:

SRT = X / kd
HRT = V / Q

where X is the MLSS concentration, kd is the endogenous decay rate, V is the volume of the aeration tank, and Q is the flow rate.

First, let's calculate the SRT:

SRT = X / kd
SRT = 2000 mg/L / 0.06 d^-1
SRT = 33333.33 d or 91.3 days

Next, let's calculate the HRT:

HRT = V / Q
HRT = (SRT * Q) / X
HRT = (91.3 * 0.15) / 2000
HRT = 0.00684 d or 9.89 minutes

Therefore, the SRT is approximately 91.3 days and the HRT is approximately 9.89 minutes for the aeration tank to achieve a sludge recycle that can meet an effluent standard of 11 mg/l BOD5.

b. To calculate the required volume of the aeration tank, you need to consider the organic load and hydraulic retention time. The organic load is the amount of organic matter that needs to be treated, usually measured in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The hydraulic retention time is the amount of time that the wastewater remains in the tank for treatment.

Assuming an organic load of 200 mg/L BOD and a hydraulic retention time of 8 hours, the required volume of the aeration tank can be calculated as follows:

Required volume = (organic load x hydraulic retention time) / (aeration tank efficiency x concentration of dissolved oxygen)

Assuming an aeration tank efficiency of 80% and a concentration of dissolved oxygen of 2 mg/L, the calculation would be:

Required volume = (200 mg/L x 8 hours) / (0.8 x 2 mg/L)
Required volume = 800 / 1.6
Required volume = 500 liters

Therefore, the required volume of the aeration tank is 500 liters.

c. To calculate the food to microorganism ratio (F/M ratio) in the aeration tank, we first need to determine the mass of food (or BOD5) being added to the tank. Using the given flow rate of 0.15 m3/s and the existing plant effluent BOD5 of 84 mg/L, we can calculate the mass of BOD5 being added per day as:

0.15 m3/s * 86,400 s/day * 84 mg/L = 1,129,280 mg/day

Next, we need to calculate the mass of microorganisms (or MLSS) in the tank. Using the given MLSS concentration of 2,000 mg/L and the flow rate of 0.15 m3/s, we can calculate the mass of MLSS in the tank as:

0.15 m3/s * 86,400 s/day * 2,000 mg/L = 25,920,000 mg/day

Finally, we can calculate the F/M ratio as:

F/M = (mass of BOD5 added per day) / (mass of MLSS in the tank)

F/M = 1,129,280 mg/day / 25,920,000 mg/day

F/M = 0.0435

Therefore, the F/M ratio in the aeration tank is 0.0435.

d. To calculate the volumetric loading rate in kg BOD5/m3-d for the aeration tank, you will need to know the influent BOD5 concentration in mg/L and the flow rate in m3/d. Once you have this information, you can use the following formula:

Volumetric loading rate = (Influent BOD5 concentration x Flow rate) / Aeration tank volume

Assuming that the influent BOD5 concentration is 200 mg/L and the flow rate is 1 m3/d, the volumetric loading rate would be:

Volumetric loading rate = (200 mg/L x 1 m3/d) / 0.5 m3
Volumetric loading rate = 400 mg BOD5/m3-d

Therefore, the volumetric loading rate in kg BOD5/m3-d for the aeration tank is 0.4 kg BOD5/m3-d.

e. To calculate the mass of solids wasted each day, we need to determine the amount of solids that are leaving the system as waste. This can be calculated using the underflow solids concentration and the flow rate of the sludge leaving the clarifier.

Assuming that the clarifier underflow rate is equal to the flow rate of the influent wastewater (0.15 m3/s), we can use the given underflow solids concentration of 12,000 mg/L to calculate the mass of solids leaving the system as waste:

0.15 m3/s * 86,400 s/day * 12,000 mg/L = 1,236,000,000 mg/day

Therefore, the mass of solids wasted each day is 1,236,000,000 mg/day.

e. To calculate the volume of solids wasted each day, we need to convert the mass of solids to a volume. Assuming a specific gravity of 1 for the sludge, we can calculate the volume of solids as:

Volume = Mass / Density

Volume = 1,236,000,000 mg/day / (1,000,000 mg/g * 1 g/mL)

Volume = 1,236 L/day

Therefore, the volume of solids wasted each day is 1,236 L/day.

To know more about aeration tank click here:

https://brainly.com/question/3684087

#SPJ11

The model that most accurately describes how maternal-effect genes regulate embryonic development in Drosophila is the "Maternal-to-Zygotic Transition (MZT)" model.

In this model, maternal-effect genes are responsible for producing mRNA and proteins that are crucial for early embryonic development.

These maternal products are stored in the egg during oogenesis and, upon fertilization, direct the initial stages of development until zygotic genes take over during the MZT.

The maternal products, including mRNA and proteins, derived from the maternal-effect genes serve as the primary regulators of early embryonic processes.

They control processes such as cell division, cell differentiation, and establishment of body axes. Maternal mRNAs can be translated into proteins that guide cellular processes, while others act as regulators to control the timing and expression of zygotic genes.

As embryonic development progresses, the zygotic genes start to take over the control of development during the MZT. The zygotic genes become active and initiate the transcription and translation of their own mRNA and protein products.

This transition marks the shift from reliance on maternal products to the activation of the zygotic genome.

The MZT model emphasizes the temporal regulation of gene expression during early embryonic development, highlighting the crucial role of maternal-effect genes and their products in orchestrating the initial stages of development until the zygotic genes become fully functional.

To learn more about development, refer below:

https://brainly.com/question/28011228

#SPJ11

Most of the preparations for mitosis, including DNA replication, occur during the interphase stage of the cell cycle.

Interphase is the period of the cell cycle when the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division. It is divided into three phases: G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2). During G1, the cell grows and synthesizes proteins necessary for DNA replication.

In the S phase, DNA replication takes place, and each chromosome is duplicated to form sister chromatids. Finally, during G2, the cell synthesizes proteins needed for cell division, such as the proteins responsible for spindle formation.

After G2, the cell enters mitosis, where the sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell, forming two identical daughter cells. Thus, interphase is the stage of the cell cycle where most of the preparations for mitosis occur.

To know more about interphase stage, refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/12343384#

#SPJ11

1) The frequency of the recessive allele (q) is 0.2.

2) The frequency of the dominant allele (p) is 0.8..

3) The frequency of heterozygous individuals (2pq) is 0.32

1) The frequency of the recessive allele (q) can be found using the Hardy-Weinberg equation:

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

where p² represents the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype, 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype, and q² represents the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype.

Given that 4% of the students are homozygous recessive, q² = 0.04. Solving for q, we get:

q² = 0.04

q = √(0.04)

q = 0.2

2) The frequency of the dominant allele (p) can be found by subtracting the frequency of the recessive allele (q) from 1:

p = 1 - q

p = 1 - 0.2

p = 0.8

3) The frequency of heterozygous individuals (2pq) can be found using the value of p and q that we have calculated:

2pq = 2 x 0.8 x 0.2

2pq = 0.32

To learn more about allele follow the link:

brainly.com/question/14206531

#SPJ1

The complete question is:

There are 100 students in a class. Ninety-six did well in the course whereas four blew it totally and received a grade of F. Sorry. In the highly unlikely event that these traits are genetic rather than environmental, if these traits involve dominant and recessive alleles, and if the four (4%) represent the frequency of the homozygous recessive condition, please calculate the following:

1) The frequency of the recessive allele (q).

2) The frequency of the dominant allele (p)

3) The frequency of heterozygous individuals (2pq).

Answer:

control the passage of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor

Explanation:

Guard cells are specialized plant cells in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange. They are produced in pairs with a gap between them that forms a stomatal pore.

Hershey and Chase used the isotopes ³²P and ³⁵S in their experiments because ³²P labeled DNA only, while ³⁵S labeled protein only. This allowed them to distinguish between the roles of DNA and protein in the process of genetic inheritance, ultimately providing evidence that DNA is the genetic material.

Hershey and Chase used the isotopes ^32P and ^35S in their experiments because they wanted to determine whether DNA or proteins were responsible for carrying genetic information in viruses. They used ^32P to label the DNA and ^35S to label the proteins. They chose these isotopes because they are both radioactive and can be easily detected, which allowed them to track the movement of these molecules within the virus. By using only one isotope to label each type of molecule, they were able to determine whether the DNA or the proteins were responsible for infectivity. Ultimately, their experiments showed that DNA, not proteins, was responsible for carrying genetic information in viruses.

Learn more about isotopes here: brainly.com/question/11680817

#SPJ11

In the myopia eye defect, the light rays from the iris: come to a focus in front of the retina. The correct option is (C).

Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a refractive error that affects the eye's ability to focus on distant objects.

In this condition, the eyeball is longer than normal or the cornea is too curved, causing the light rays to bend too much and focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it.

This results in distant objects appearing blurry, while nearby objects remain clear.

Myopia can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. Concave lenses are commonly used to correct myopia by moving the focal point back to the retina.

People with high myopia may be at increased risk of developing other eye problems such as retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataracts, and regular eye exams are recommended to monitor these conditions.

To know more about "Myopia" refer here:

https://brainly.com/question/14272892#

#SPJ11

Answer:

The reason most species are successful is because of Genetic Variation.

Explanation:

Let's say two species are place into a new environment, they have offspring.

Now lets say the mother, has a certain trait that's beneficial to this new environment. Later comes natural selection, then the offspring with that trait most likely live on to reproduce. Then so on happens throughout generations. Genetic Variation is one of many key factors that help with adaptation.

Option A . Lons channels are opened and positive ions diffuse into the cell is the correct answer because:

When the threshold voltage is reached, ion channels in the cell membrane open, allowing positive ions to flow into the cell, leading to depolarization and the generation of an action potential. This process is known as sodium influx.
 Once the threshold voltage triggers an action potential, what causes action potentials to be generated is option (a): Ion channels are opened and positive ions diffuse into the cell. This influx of positive ions leads to a change in membrane potential, propagating the action potential along the neuron.

Learn more about threshold voltage here:  https://brainly.com/question/14439677

#SPJ11

Explanation:

Pyruvate is a three carbon molecule, and one glucose molecule contains 6 carbons. Essentially, during glycolysis, the glucose molecule is split to form two pyruvates. This is seen in their equations:

Glucose- C6H12O6

Pyruvate- C3H4O3

The skin is the organ that releases salt and liquid waste from the body through its pores and glands.

The skin contains sweat glands that release sweat, which consists of water, salts, and other waste products such as urea and ammonia. The release of sweat through the pores of the skin helps regulate body temperature and remove excess salt and waste products from the body.

In addition, the skin also plays a role in the excretion of certain drugs and toxins. Therefore, the skin serves as an important organ of the excretory system, along with other organs such as the kidneys, liver, and lungs.

To know more about the skin refer here :

https://brainly.com/question/1084249#

#SPJ11

The researchers are relying on traditional classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as they refer to human ancestors as hominids. Option (C) is correct.

Hominid is a traditional term used to refer to members of the family Hominidae, which includes humans and their extinct ancestors. This classification is based on shared anatomical and behavioral traits, such as bipedalism and increased brain size, that distinguish hominids from other primates.

While cladistic classifications based on genetic and morphological data have provided more detailed information about the relationships between chimpanzees and humans, the term hominid is still commonly used in scientific and popular literature. Option (C) is correct.

To learn more about chimpanzees follow the link:

https://brainly.com/question/7719806

#SPJ4

The complete question is: 

'you are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution. you note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids. this implies that the researchers are relying on group of answer choices 

A) cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans. 

B) non-evolutionary classification of chimpanzees and humans. 

C) traditional classifications of chimpanzees and humans. 

D) an incorrect classification of human ancestors.

The way that cysts on the kidney can affect glomerular filtration rate is A. gfr decreases and blood pressure increases.

The GFR is the amount of fluid filtered by the glomeruli per minute, and it is determined by the pressure in the glomerular capillaries. If the pressure inside the nephrons increases due to cysts on the kidney pressing on them, it will decrease the GFR.

This is because the increased pressure will cause a reduction in the net filtration pressure, which will, in turn, reduce the amount of fluid filtered through the glomeruli.

Find out more on glomerular filtration rate at https://brainly.com/question/13064727

#SPJ1

The northernmost body of water on the map is Canada’s Hudson Bay. This large body of saltwater is located in the north-central part of the country and covers a total area of 1,230,000 square kilometers.

It is bounded by Manitoba and Ontario to the west, Nunavut to the north, and Quebec to the east. The closest city to Hudson Bay is Churchill, Manitoba, which is located at the southern end of the bay. Churchill is known for its incredible polar bear population, as well as its large beluga whale population.

It is also a popular destination for beluga whale watching. Other notable cities located near Hudson Bay include Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Thunder Bay, Ontario. These cities are located at the north end of Lake Winnipeg, which is connected to the bay via the Nelson River. In addition, the historic city of Churchill is located at the mouth of the Churchill River, which also connects to the bay.

Know more about polar bear population here

https://brainly.com/question/21898980#

#SPJ11

Bears are solitary animals and live alone for several reasons. One of these reasons is that there are not enough resources in the environment to support multiple bears.

The food available is limited, and so each bear has to compete to find enough to survive. The limited resources also mean that bears must travel long distances in order to find enough food and shelter. Living alone allows them to cover more ground, and also reduces competition for food and shelter.

Additionally, living alone means that bears are less exposed to potential threats from other animals, reducing their risk of injury or death. Finally, bears have to be able to find mates in order to reproduce, and living alone allows them to have more options for mates. All of these factors contribute to why bears are solitary animals.

Know more about solitary animals here

https://brainly.com/question/31383530#

#SPJ11

The gene a plays a crucial role in determining the color of the iris through the production of melanin, and variations in the gene can lead to different eye color phenotypes.

In an organism, the gene for eye color controls the expression of proteins that determine the color of the individual's eyes. There may be multiple variants of this gene that produce different proteins and result in different eye colors. These variants are inherited from the organism's parents through their DNA, and can be passed on to future generations. The production of these proteins from heritable DNA ensures that eye color traits are passed down through the generations and can be used to track familial relationships.

Blue or brown describes only a portion of eye color. There are intermediate variations of green and hazel, as well as albino eyes, which lack pigment entirely—all examples for which the simple Mendelian model does not apply. Geneticist Victor McKissick stated, “The early view that blue is a simple recessive has been repeatedly shown to be wrong by observation of brown-eyed offspring of two blue-eyed parents” . This may have inspired his own interest in genetics, as he and his identical twin brother had brown eyes and their parents had blue!

In conclusion, the gene a plays a crucial role in determining the color of the iris through the production of melanin, and variations in the gene can lead to different eye color phenotypes.

To know more about eye color :

https://brainly.com/question/31730562

#SPJ11

The rate of carbon cycling in a temperate forest is faster than in a boreal forest due to warmer, wetter conditions, a higher diversity and quantity of vegetation, and increased decomposition activity.

The rate of carbon cycling is faster in a temperate wet forest than in a boreal forest primarily due to differences in climate, vegetation, and decomposer activity. Firstly, wetter, warmer conditions in temperate forests, compared to colder, dryer conditions of boreal forests, allows for greater biological activity, contributing to a faster carbon cycle. Secondly, the diversity and quantity of vegetation in temperate forests is higher than in boreal forests. More vegetation leads to more photosynthesis, a key process in carbon cycling. Lastly, the rate of decomposition is faster in temperate forests because of more diverse and abundant decomposer organisms. Decomposition releases carbon back into the atmosphere, completing the carbon cycle.

https://brainly.com/question/2076640

#SPJ2

The olfactory bulb sends information either directly to the smell-processing areas in the cortex or indirectly to the cortex by way of the thalamus. olfactory bulb hypothalamus corpus callosum limbic system.

The olfactory bulb is a part of the brain located in the front of the brain, just above the nasal cavity. It is responsible for processing and sending information related to smell to other parts of the brain, such as the cortex. The hypothalamus, corpus callosum, and limbic system are all also involved in the processing of smell information.

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating basic physiological functions such as hunger, thirst, and body temperature, while the corpus callosum is responsible for allowing communication between the two hemispheres of the brain. The limbic system is involved in emotion, motivation, and memory, and plays a role in the processing of smell as well. Overall, the olfactory bulb and its associated brain regions play a crucial role in our ability to sense and interpret smells.

To know more about  olfactory bulb click here:

https://brainly.com/question/13255801

#SPJ11

Epigenetic changes may be heritable, but they aren't necessarily permanent.

Epigenetic changes can be passed down from one generation to the next, but they can also be modified by environmental factors and are not necessarily permanent.

Hope that helps! Good luck! :)

The X chromosome is an important part of the genetic makeup of both males and females. The fact that no babies have been born without an X chromosome indicates that the X chromosome is essential for the development of a healthy baby.

This is because the X chromosome contains many genes that are required for normal development. Furthermore, the fact that a female with Turner's Syndrome inherits only one X chromosome and a male with Klinefelter's Syndrome inherits an extra X chromosome indicates that the number of X chromosomes a person has is also important for normal development.

Too few or too many X chromosomes can interfere with meiosis, resulting in developmental issues. Therefore, the X chromosome plays an essential role in the development of a healthy baby and any alterations in the number of X chromosomes can result in developmental issues.

Know more about X chromosome here

https://brainly.com/question/30755774#

#SPJ11

Answer:

Slow growing (increase)

Answer: decreasing

Explanation: took the quiz and it was right. :)