1) The allele frequencies are p = 0.356 for the dominant allele and q = 0.644 for the recessive allele
2) The expected genotype frequencies are: 12.7% homozygous dominant, 45.9% heterozygous, and 41.5% homozygous recessive.
3) The number of heterozygous individuals (pq) are 953
4) We would expect 517 individuals with poor vision, 158 individuals with good vision, and 572 heterozygous individuals in the next generation
1) To calculate the allele frequencies, we can use the Hardy-Weinberg equation:
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
where p is the frequency of the dominant allele (associated with good vision) and q is the frequency of the recessive allele (associated with poor vision).
Since poor vision is totally recessive, q² represents the frequency of individuals with poor vision
396 ÷ 953 = 0.415.
q = √(0.415) = 0.644.
Since p + q = 1, p = 1 - q = 0.356.
2) The frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype is
p² = (0.356)²
= 0.127
= 12.7%
The frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype is
q² = (0.644)²
= 0.415
= 41.5%
The frequency of the heterozygous genotype is
2pq = 2 × (0.356) × (0.644)
= 0.459
= 45.9%
3) The number of heterozygous individuals can be predicted using the frequency of the heterozygous genotype and the total number of individuals. The number of individuals in the population is
396 + 557 = 953.
4) The total number of individuals in the next generation is 1,245. Since poor vision is recessive, we can use the q² frequency to predict the number of individuals with poor vision:
q² x 1,245
= 0.415 x 1,245
= 517.
Similarly, we can use the p² frequency to predict the number of individuals with good vision:
p² x 1,245
= 0.127 x 1,245
= 158.
Finally, we can use the 2pq frequency to predict the number of heterozygous individuals:
2pq x 1,245
= 0.459 x 1,245
= 572.
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The complete question is:
A rather large population of Ecology teachers has 396 individuals with poor vision and 557 with good vision individuals. Assume that poor vision is totally recessive. Please calculate the following:
1) The allele frequencies of each allele.
2) The expected genotype frequencies.
3) The number of heterozygous individuals that you would predict to be in this population.
4) Conditions happen to be really good this year for breeding and next year there are 1,245 young "potential" Biology instructors. Assuming that all of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met, how many of these would you expect to have poor vision and how many with good vision?
Which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane?
(A) Regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell
(B) Providing support and structure for the cell
(C) Converting sunlight into energy
(D) Allowing the cell to communicate with other cells
Answer: C
Explanation:
The cell membrane controls/ regulates the transport of materials that enter into the cell.
You are taking a walk in the woods and come across a strange young tree. A much larger tree had fallen on the young tree some time ago, pushing the trunk of the young tree all the way to the ground, but the young tree is still growing. Describe how this strange young tree might look. Make sure to include how both phototrophic and gravitrophic affects shaped the growth of the young tree
This strange young tree would be a fascinating example of how plants can adapt and continue to grow even in challenging conditions, showing the power of both phototrophic and gravitropic responses.
The strange young tree that I came across while walking in the woods might have an unusual appearance due to the way that a larger tree had fallen on it. The trunk of the young tree would likely be bent at an angle, with one end touching the ground and the other end pointing upwards towards the sky. The bark on the trunk may be damaged or scarred from the weight of the fallen tree, but the young tree would still be growing and reaching upwards.
The phototrophic and gravitropic effects would have played a significant role in shaping the growth of the young tree. The upward pointing end of the trunk would have exhibited strong phototrophic growth, as it reached towards the sunlight to continue photosynthesizing and producing energy. However, the end of the trunk that was touching the ground would have been affected by gravitropic growth, as the tree tried to reorient itself towards the vertical axis in response to the force of gravity. This may have caused the trunk to thicken and curve slightly, as the young tree tried to compensate for the angle at which it was growing.
Overall, this strange young tree would be a fascinating example of how plants can adapt and continue to grow even in challenging conditions, showing the power of both phototrophic and gravitropic responses.
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Describe major trends in the evolution of life on Earth seen over geologic time supported by fossils
Trilobites, cephalopods like squid, as well as insects and plants are common relics from the Paleozoic era. A progression of evolution can be seen in fossils, which offer compelling proof that species from the past were distinct from those present now.
The morphological, or anatomical, record is made up of fossils and the comparative anatomy of living things right now. Important evidence for evolution and the adaptation of plants and animals to their habitats can be found in fossils. Fossil data records how creatures evolved and how this process can be represented by a "tree of life," demonstrating the interconnectedness of all species.
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Describe major trends in the evolution of life on Earth seen over geologic time supported by fossils?
How do animals acquire amino acids in the nitrogen cycle.
Animals acquire amino acids through their diet, as they are unable to synthesize all the required amino acids on their own.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which are essential for many biological processes. In the nitrogen cycle, bacteria play a crucial role in converting nitrogen gas (N₂) from the atmosphere into forms that can be used by living organisms.
Nitrogen fixation by bacteria converts N₂ into ammonia (NH₃) and ammonium ions (NH₄⁺), which can be taken up by plants and used to synthesize amino acids. Animals that eat these plants, or eat other animals that have consumed these plants, then acquire these amino acids through their diet.
In addition to acquiring amino acids through their diet, some animals may also obtain amino acids by consuming soil or fecal matter that contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria or through symbiotic relationships with bacteria in their gut.
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What differences/adaptations give some organisms a better chance of surviving in their environment
Organisms have adaptations, including physical and behavioral features, that allow them to survive in their environment, such as a cheetah's powerful legs or a polar bear's thick fur.
Organisms have different adaptations that allow them to better survive in their environment. These adaptations can include physical features such as camouflage, sharp teeth, and powerful legs, as well as behavioral adaptations such as migration patterns and social behaviors.
For example, a cheetah's powerful legs and sharp claws help it to hunt and catch prey in its African savanna environment, while a polar bear's thick fur and layer of fat allow it to survive in the harsh Arctic climate. Other organisms, like some types of bacteria, have adapted to extreme environments such as high temperatures or acidic conditions.
The ability to adapt to changing environments can also be important for an organism's survival. This may include adapting to changes in temperature, rainfall, or availability of food sources. Overall, the adaptations that an organism possesses can greatly influence its ability to survive and thrive in its environment.
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All of the following conditions are reasons for a cell to enter the G0 phase except:_____. A. A lack of growth factors. B. A decreased presence of cyclin-dependent kinases. C. A high number of previous cell divisions. D. The detection of incorrectly-replicated DNA
All of the following conditions are reasons for a cell to enter the G₀ phase except: D. The detection of incorrectly-replicated DNA.
The G₀ phase is a period of cellular quiescence, or non-division, that is often referred to as the "resting stage" of the cell cycle. There are several conditions that can lead to a cell entering the G₀ phase, including a lack of growth factors, a decreased presence of cyclin-dependent kinases, and a high number of previous cell divisions.
However, the detection of incorrectly-replicated DNA is not a reason for a cell to enter the G₀ phase. The G₀ phase is a temporary halt in the cell cycle, which allows for the repair of any damaged DNA that may have occurred during the replication process.
In the event of an incorrect replication, the newly replicated DNA may be destroyed and the damaged cell may undergo apoptosis, or programmed cell death, rather than entering the G0 phase.
Therefore, correct option is D.
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P LZ help me due tonight
Dichotomous keys are classification and identification tools. Option B. Bobcat.
What is a dichotomous key?
A dichotomous key is a classification tool. The key provides an easy and fast way for identification by describing different morphological traits, leading you to the correct taxonomic classification.
The key provides morphological descriptions about different taxonomic groups in an easy way to identify these traits in your individual.
Dichotomous refers to how information is provided. There are always two options (a and b, or 1 and 2), and one of them must be chosen according to the characteristics of the organism.
When choosing the correct option, the key leads to the following description, and so on until the taxonomic name is provided.
In the e xposed example,
Character 1:
This animal's tail is not equal or longer than the legs. The tail is half the leg length or shorter, so we must choose option A.
Option A tells us to move to character 2
Character 2:
The tail tip is not solid black.
The tail has stripes.
The length of the hair tufts on the ear tips is much shorter than the ear length.
The key suggests this is a bobcat.
Option B. Bobcat
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Explain how the arrangement of cellulose molecules and secondary thickening in xylem vessels contributes to the physical properties of the cell wall.
Edexcel A-Level biology
Cellulose microfibrils form a net-like arrangement in the cell walls of the fibres. Secondary thickening further strengthens the fibres by adding lignin.
The cellulose molecules provide tensile strength to the primary cell wall. Each molecule consists of a linear chain of at least 500 glucose residues that are covalently linked to one another to form a ribbonlike structure, which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds within the chain.
The cells which ultimately develop into vessels, tracheids, and fibers show the thickening of the cell wall in prominent ways. This thickening takes place due to the deposition of a hard substance, called lignin, on the inner surface of the cell wall.
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2 questions Lab: Earthworm Behavior
What is the purpose of the lab?
What methods are you using to test this hypothesis?
Outline the steps of the procedure in full sentences
The hypothesis being tested in the Earthworm Behavior Lab involves the response of earthworms to different types of stimuli.
The purpose of the lab the chemical experience includes lab work in great detail. It gives students the chance to investigate chemical ideas, observe how matter transforms, and develop scientific knowledge in a setting that resembles a working laboratory.
To test this hypothesis, several methods are being used, including the use of a choice chamber and the observation of earthworm behavior in response to different stimuli.
The procedure for the Earthworm Behavior Lab involves several steps. First, earthworms are collected and placed in a holding container. Then, a choice chamber is set up with two compartments, each containing a different stimulus. The earthworm is then placed in the center of the choice chamber and observed for a set amount of time.
During the observation period, the earthworm's behavior is recorded and analyzed, with a focus on which compartment the earthworm spends more time in. This data is then used to determine whether the earthworms showed a preference for one stimulus over the other.
The procedure is repeated with different stimuli in each compartment to gather additional data and ensure the results are consistent. Through this method, the hypothesis can be tested and conclusions can be drawn about the response of earthworms to different stimuli.
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Which would cause a plant to stop growing?
Lack of water, nutrient shortages, inadequate lighting, severe temperatures, pests or illnesses, and physical harm are some of the conditions that might halt a plant from growing. Furthermore, plants have a genetically predetermined growth cycle that affects when they stop growing. Extreme weather can stress a plant and interfere with its regular growth processes, which can result in stunted or stopped growth when any of these elements are present.
Answer: Many things could cause a plant to stop growing like lack of sunlight, too much sunlight, lack of water, too much water, wrong ph level for soil, etc.
Explanation: Like us humans plants need their basic needs met just like how we need to eat and drink water, and just like us they can over do this(eating too much food=problems or if you don't eat your growth could become stunted)
Life appeared 3.5 billion years ago. What was the first life on earth?
Prokaryotic single celled organisms
Eukaryotic single celled organisms
Multicellular organisms
If 200 oak trees are counted on a 2 km x 2 km patch of land, what is the density of maple trees per square kilometer?
What is the density of the oak trees per km2?
The density of the oak trees per kilometer square would be 50 trees/[tex]km^2[/tex].
Population densityTo calculate the density of oak trees per square kilometer, we need to first determine the total area of the 2 km x 2 km patch of land. This can be calculated as:
Total area = length x width
= 2 km x 2 km
= 4 [tex]km^2[/tex]
The density of oak trees can then be calculated as:
Density = number of trees / total area
= 200/4
= 50 trees/[tex]km^2[/tex]
Therefore, the density of oak trees per km^2 in the patch of land is 50 trees/[tex]km^2[/tex].
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There will be more jobs in __________ fields as the population ages?.
There will be more jobs in healthcare fields as the population ages. As the baby boomer generation ages and life expectancy increases, there will be a higher demand for healthcare services, leading to an increased need for healthcare workers.
This includes doctors, nurses, technicians, therapists, and support staff. In addition to traditional healthcare roles, there will also be a need for professionals in fields such as elder care, home health care, and hospice care.
As people age, they may require assistance with daily living activities or specialized medical care, creating a demand for a wide range of healthcare services. Furthermore, as technology continues to advance, there will be an increased need for individuals with expertise in areas such as medical informatics and telehealth, which will further expand employment opportunities in healthcare fields.
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AssertionReplication and transcription occur in the nucleus but translation occurs in the cytoplasm.ReasonmRNA is transferred from the nucleus into the cytoplasm where ribosomes and amino acids are available for protein synthesis.Replication and transcription occur in the nucleus but translation occurs in the cytoplasm.ABoth Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for AssertionBBoth Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation for AssertionCAssertion is correct but Reason is incorrectDBoth Assertion and Reason are incorrect
DNA replication and transcription happen in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm. mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm where ribosomes use it to synthesize proteins. The answer is option A, both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
Replication and transcription occur in the nucleus where DNA is present, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm where ribosomes and amino acids are present.
During transcription, DNA is converted to messenger RNA (mRNA), which then travels out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein by ribosomes. Hence, the reason is correct as mRNA needs to be transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis to occur.
In summary, replication and transcription occur in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm. mRNA, which is produced during transcription, needs to be transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is used as a template for protein synthesis by ribosomes.
The process of protein synthesis is therefore divided into two stages: transcription and translation, with transcription occurring in the nucleus and translation occurring in the cytoplasm. Hence, option A is correct.
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During his voyage on the HMS Beagle, Darwin observed the
beaks and behavior of finches. These finches were similar
in some ways to the single finch species that existed on
the mainland of South America. On the Galápagos Islands,
however, there were 13 different species, each with
different beaks and different diets. Later, Darwin
hypothesized that natural selection could explain the
differences in the finch species. Many years later,
Rosemary and Peter Grant of Princeton University began to
test Darwin's hypothesis.p
Answer:
A
Explanation: Due to different location they have to adapt themselves according to that habitat so they developed different shape of beaks
One or more plants could die during the experiment. if that happens, how will you account for it? mark an x for that plant in the data table. write a comment about the plant’s death in your lab notebook. exclude the plant when you compute the average height of the whole group of plants. exclude another plant from the other group to balance things out.
If one or more plants die during the experiment, it is essential to account for it in the data analysis.
One should mark an X for the dead plant in the data table and make a note about the plant's death in the lab notebook.
The plant's death should be excluded while computing the average height of the whole group of plants to avoid any bias in the analysis.
To balance things out, another plant should also be excluded from the other group. This will ensure that the results are not skewed due to the death of one or more plants.
Accounting for the dead plants in the experiment is crucial as it will help maintain the accuracy and reliability of the data obtained.
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Answer:
option 1,2 and 3
Explanation:
edge 2023
All living things need energy. Use the terms
autotroph and heterotroph to describe how
each of the organisms in the illustration below
obtains energy.
Grass
Rabbit
Fox
Answer:
Grass----autotroph
Rabbit - - - - heterotroph
Fox-----heterotroph
What is the average atmospheric pressure at sea level?
0.1 atmospheres
1.0 atmospheres
2.0 atmospheres
4.0 atmospheres
(It's not one the internet if that's where you're looking :()
The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere, which is equal to 1013.25 millibars, 101.325 kilopascals, 14.7 pounds per square inch, or 760 millimeters of mercury.
What is atmospheric?Atmospheric pertains to the air around us and the environment in which we live. It is the gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth and is composed of gases like nitrogen and oxygen, as well as other elements like carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone. Atmospheric processes interact with the Earth's surface, oceans, and land to create weather patterns, as well as regulate temperature and climate. The atmosphere also absorbs and reflects the energy from the sun and transports it in the form of heat, which helps to balance the temperature of the Earth's surface. In addition, the atmosphere also acts as a filter for the harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun, thereby helping to protect life on the planet.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Each year, a daylily farm sells a portion of their daylilies and allows a portion to grow and divide. The recursive formula mc009-1. Jpg represents the number of daylilies, a, on the farm after n years. After the fifth year, the farmers estimate they have 2,225 daylilies. How many daylilies were on the farm after the first year?.
The number of daylilies on the farm after the first year was approximately 3,630.
The recursive formula given represents the number of daylilies on a farm after n years. After five years, the farm has 2,225 daylilies. To find the number of daylilies after the first year, the formula needs to be evaluated with n = 1, which gives a value of 80.
Substituting n = 1 in the formula, we get:
a₁ = 0.8a₀ + 250
where a₀ represents the initial number of daylilies on the farm.
To solve for a₀, we are given that after the fifth year, the number of daylilies on the farm is 2,225. Thus, we can use the formula to work backwards from the fifth year to the first year:
a₅ = 0.8a₄ + 250
a₄ = 0.8a₃ + 250
a₃ = 0.8a₂ + 250
a₂ = 0.8a₁ + 250
a₁ = 0.8a₀ + 250
We are given that a₅ = 2,225, so we can substitute this value into the formula for a₅ to find a₄. We can then substitute this value into the formula for a₄ to find a₃, and so on, until we find a₁:
a₅ = 0.8a₄ + 250
2,225 = 0.8a₄ + 250
1,975 = 0.8a₄
a₄ = 2,468.75
a₄ = 0.8a₃ + 250
2,468.75 = 0.8a₃ + 250
2,218.75 = 0.8a₃
a₃ = 2,773.44
a₃ = 0.8a₂ + 250
2,773.44 = 0.8a₂ + 250
2,523.44 = 0.8a₂
a₂ = 3,154.30
a₂ = 0.8a₁ + 250
3,154.30 = 0.8a₁ + 250
2,904.30 = 0.8a₁
a₁ = 3,630.38
Therefore, by calculating we can say that the number of daylilies on the farm after the first year was approximately 3,630.
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Answer:
C) 600
Explanation:
Why are gaseous biogeochemical cycles not easily disrupted by local perturbations
Gaseous biogeochemical cycles are not easily disrupted by local perturbations because they involve the movement of elements between the atmosphere, oceans, and land, resulting in a large-scale global cycling of nutrients.
This means that any disturbances at the local level are generally diluted and balanced out by the larger-scale cycling of nutrients, preventing any significant disruptions to the overall cycling of the element.
Additionally, the biogeochemical cycling of gases, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen, is also influenced by physical and chemical factors in the environment, such as temperature, pH, and atmospheric pressure.
These factors can regulate the rates of biological and chemical reactions involved in the cycling of these gases, which can help maintain a relatively stable and resilient cycling system.
However, it is important to note that human activities, such as deforestation, fossil fuel burning, and agricultural practices, can significantly alter the balance of gaseous biogeochemical cycles and lead to long-term disruptions in the cycling of these elements.
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In which of these stages is mitosis most important?
A tiger cub is born.
A tiger cub learns to walk.
A tiger cub begins to grow.
A tiger cub play-fights
Answer:
A tiger cub begins to grow
Human population growth continues exponentially but it is unevenly distributed
True
False
The statement "Human population growth continues exponentially but it is unevenly distributed" is true.
Human population growth has been unevenly distributed across the world, with some countries experiencing higher rates of growth than others.
While the global population is still growing exponentially, the rate of growth has been declining in some regions due to factors such as declining fertility rates, improved healthcare, and access to family planning services.
However, other regions continue to experience rapid population growth, which can have significant social, economic, and environmental impacts.
Therefore, the given statement "Human population growth continues exponentially but it is unevenly distributed" is true.
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Random mutations may occur that cause a change in the order of nitrogen bases in a codon. one type of mutation involves the substitution of one of the nitrogen bases in a codon. explain the effect of a
substitution of one of the bases in a codon.
A substitution of one of the nitrogen bases in a codon can have a drastic effect on the function of a gene. A substitution mutation occurs when one of the nitrogen bases in a codon is replaced with a different base.
This change in the genetic code can lead to a change in the amino acid sequence that is produced after translation. Depending on the location of the substitution, the resulting amino acid sequence may be completely different from what was intended.
In some cases, the resulting amino acid sequence can be toxic to the cell, resulting in cell death. Additionally, the substitution may alter the function of the gene, resulting in a functional change.
For example, the substitution may result in the production of a protein that is non-functional or has altered activity. This can lead to a variety of diseases or other health problems. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the potential consequences of a substitution mutation when it occurs.
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What best describes this sentence taken from a
summary of this book?
OIt is objective because it is based on facts and does
not present feelings or opinions.
It is objective because it presents personal feelings
and opinions in addition to the facts.
It is subjective because it is based on facts and
does not present feelings or opinions.
It is subjective because it presents personal feelings
and opinions in addition to the facts.
The best description of this sentence taken from a summary of this book is:
It is objective because it is based on facts and does not present feelings or opinionsTherefore option A is correct.
What is a subjective statement?A subjective statement is described as being affected by personal views; in other words, it is peculiar to a particular individual.
We then can make the following inference:
so the third option must be wrong and hence discarded - "subjective because it is based on facts and does not present feelings."Meanwhile An objective statement is described as being neither affected nor distorted by personal or individual judgements or interpretation.
We then can make the following inferences:
The second option must wrong and hence must be discarded as well - "it is objective because it presents personal feelings and opinions in addition to the facts."Learn more about objective statement at:
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Order these events that occur during secondary succession correctly from 1-5.
The correct order of the secondary succesion in the forest is:
An oak-hickory forest is cut down and cleared for farming.The farm is abandoned.Crabgrass thrives in the hot, dry environment of the bare field and adds nutrients to the soil.Small shrubs invade the field, shading the soil and allowing pine seedlings to survive.Hardwood trees replace the pines and succession is complete.What is secondary succession?Secondary succession is the process of ecological succession that occurs after a disturbance or disruption of an existing ecosystem. It involves the gradual establishment and development of a new ecosystem in an area that was previously occupied by a different community of organisms.
Unlike primary succession, which occurs in areas where there was previously no ecosystem, secondary succession occurs in areas where an ecosystem has been disturbed or destroyed, but the soil and some plant and animal species remain. Examples of disturbances that can lead to secondary succession include wildfires, clear-cutting of forests, and abandoned agricultural fields.
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Spooner and wendy both have a hand with heterozygous genotypes (hh).
If Spooner and Wendy both have a hand with heterozygous genotypes (hh), it means that they each inherited a different allele for the same gene from their parents.
This is because heterozygous means having two different alleles for a particular gene. Therefore, Spooner and Wendy may have different physical traits associated with this gene, but they are both carriers of the recessive allele. If they were to have children together, there is a 25% chance that their child would inherit two copies of the recessive allele and exhibit the associated trait. Spooner and Wendy both have hands with heterozygous genotypes (Hh). In this case, "Hh" represents a heterozygous genotype, which means that they have two different alleles (one dominant "H" and one recessive "h") for a particular gene related to their hands.
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Which process, which happens only in autotrophs, supplies most of the
energy for all of Earth's organisms?
O A. Decomposition
OB. Photosynthesis
OC. Cellular respiration
OD. Chemosynthesis
Answer:
B. Photosynthesis
Explanation:
a bacterial culture grown in a glucose-peptide medium causes the ph to increase. the bacteria are most likely group of answer choices using the peptides. not growing. fermenting the glucose. oxidizing the glucose.
If a bacterial culture grown in a glucose-peptide medium causes the pH to increase, then the bacteria are most likely fermenting the glucose.
During fermentation, bacteria convert glucose into other organic compounds such as lactic acid or acetic acid. This process can lead to a decrease in pH due to the release of acidic byproducts. However, if the pH is increasing, then it suggests that the bacteria are using an alternative pathway to metabolize the glucose, such as fermentation to produce neutral or alkaline end products like ethanol, carbon dioxide, or acetone.
The peptides in the medium are not likely the cause of the pH increase since they are generally not metabolized in a way that would affect pH. And if the bacteria were oxidizing the glucose, it would result in the production of acidic compounds, which would lower the pH rather than raising it.
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The part of a DNA molecule that differs between
humans and chimpanzees is
Read the following statements and choose the statement that is incorrect with regard to photosynthesis 1
1) Photosynthesis occurs in all unicellular and multicellular organisms.
2) It is a reductive process
3) Carbon Dioxide is evolved as a byproduct in all the organisms capable of photosynthesizing
4) Dark reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
Codes
"it is a reductive process"
Explanation:
both oxidation and reduction take place in photosynthesis so we cannot classify it as just reductive.
in photosynthesis the water is oxidised while co2 is reduced. this basically transforms co2 into glucose and water into oxygen
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