You are planning a test of a payroll control. You have established the following parameters: Risk of incorrect acceptance=10% Tolerable deviation rate=6% Expected deviation rate=2% . a. What should your sample size be for this test? b. After testing the control, you note that you identified 4 deviations in your testing. What is the sample deviation rate for the test? c. What is the upper deviation limit for the test? d. Now it is time to draw a conclusion on whether the control is operating effectively or not. What conclusion do you draw? (Effective or Ineffective)

The probability P(x = 8) is approximately 0.2668, rounded to 4 decimal places.

Using the binomial distribution, we can find P(x = 8) with the given values of n = 10 and p = 0.7. The formula for the binomial probability is:

P(x) = (nCx) × (pˣ) × ((1-p)^(n-x))

In this case, x = 8. So, we can calculate P(x = 8) as follows:

P(8) = (10C8) × (0.7⁸) × ((1-0.7)⁽¹⁰⁻⁸⁾)
P(8) = (45) × (0.7⁸) × (0.3²)

After evaluating the expression, we get:

P(8) ≈ 0.2668

Therefore, the probability P(x = 8) is approximately 0.2668, rounded to 4 decimal places.

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The absolute maximum is at x=1/7.

The absolute maximum value = 1/(7e).

We have one critical point, the absolute minimum value cannot be found.

What is exponential growth function ?

A process called exponential growth sees a rise in quantity over time. When a quantity's derivative, or instantaneous rate of change with respect to time, is proportionate to the quantity itself, this phenomenon takes place.

Given:

[tex]f(x)=xe^{-7x}[/tex]

The derivative with respect to x is [tex]e^{-7x}-7xe^{-7x}[/tex]

Set it to zero and solve for x

[tex]e^{-7x}-7xe^{-7x}=0[/tex]

On solving for x, we get x=1/7

The second derivative is

[tex]-7e^{-7x}-7(e^{-7x}-7xe^{-7x})[/tex]

At x=1/7, second derivative will become -7/e

At x=1/7, second derivative<0

The absolute maximum is at x=1/7

Substituting this into the given equation, absolute maximum value = 1/(7e)

Since we have one critical point, the absolute minimum value cannot be found.

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The 90% confidence interval for the proportion of vegetarians among the students is approximately 0.0679 to 0.1167.

Sample size = n = 585

Number of vegetarians in the sample = 54

Calculating the sample proportion -

p = Number of vegetarians/ Sample size

p = 54 / 585

= 0.0923

Using the formula for confidence interval for a proportion:

[tex]p ± z x √( (p x (1-p)) / n )[/tex]

[tex]0.0923 ± 1.645 x √( (0.0923 x (1-0.0923)) / 585 )[/tex]

[tex]√( (0.0923 x (1-0.0923)) / 585 )[/tex]

= 0.0152

Calculating the upper bound -

0.0923 + 1.645 x 0.0152

= 0.1167

Calculating the lower bound -

0.0923 - 1.645 x 0.0152

= 0.0679

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The general solution to the differential equation is,

y(x) = c₁x + c₂x² - (1/2)x³ + (1/6)x⁴

Since, We know that;

The given differential equation is of the form y'' - 2y' + y = x^2.

Hence, For use the method of variation of parameters, we need to find the particular solution of the homogeneous equation y'' - 2y' + y = 0, which is,

⇒ y(x) = c₁x + c₂x².

Next, we assume that the particular solution of the non-homogeneous equation is of the form,

y p(x) = u₁(x) x + u₂(x) x² + u₃(x) x³.

Hence, To find the coefficients u₁(x), u₂(x), and u₂(x), we substitute yp(x) back into the original equation and solve for the unknown functions u₁(x), u₂(x), and u₃(x).

After some algebraic manipulation, we find that;

u₁(x) = -(1/2)x₂,

u₂(x) = -(1/2)x³, and

u₃(x) = (1/6)*x^4.

Therefore, the general solution to the differential equation is,

y(x) = c₁x + c₂x² - (1/2)x³ + (1/6)x⁴

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The parametric equations of the line are x=t, y=6 and  z= -3

What are coordinates?

A pair of numbers that use the separations between the two reference axes to define the location of a point on a coordinate plane. usually represented by the x- and y-values, respectively, (x, y).

The point on yz, y lines is perpendicular to yz plane and passing through the point  (-6,6, –3) is (0,6,-3)

The equation of line passing through the two points is

(x-x1)/(x2-x1)= (y-y1)/(y2-y1)= (z-z1)/ (z2-z1) = t

On substituting the points, we have

(x-0)/(-6-0) = (y-6)/(6-6)= (z+3)/(-3-(-3)) = t

On simplifying we get ,

x=t, y=6 and  z= -3

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Ashanti has to consume 2.4 bottles of water. The correct option is C

The formula V = r2h,

Where

We can start by calculating the water bottle's cubic inch volume :

radius (r) = diameter / 2 = 3 / 2 = 1.5 in

height (h) = 8 in

V = π(1.5)²(8) = 56.55 cubic inches

Now, using the above conversion factor, we can convert the volume to ounces:

1 inch of water = 0.58 oz of water

1 cubic inch of water = 0.58 oz of water

56.55 cubic inches of water = 56.55 x 0.58 = 32.823 oz of water

Therefore, Ashanti's water bottle has a capacity of 32.823 oz. She must drink the following in order to consume 80 ounces of water each day: 80 / 32.823 = 2.44

Each day, Ashanti has to consume 2.4 bottles of water. As a result, the response is (C) 2.4.

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The value of a+b is not defined.

The vertex of the parabola [tex]$y=(x-2)^2+3$[/tex] is at (2,3), and since the coefficient of the squared term is positive, the parabola opens upwards.

When the parabola is rotated 180 degrees about its vertex, it will still have the same vertex, but will now open downwards.

The equation of the new parabola is [tex]$y=-[(x-2)^2+3]+3 = -(x-2)^2$[/tex].

Shifting this new parabola 3 units to the left gives [tex]$y=-(x+1)^2$[/tex], and shifting it 2 units down gives [tex]$y=-(x+1)^2-2$[/tex].

To find the zeros of this parabola, we need to solve the equation [tex]$-(x+1)^2-2=0$[/tex].

Adding 2 to both sides gives [tex]$-(x+1)^2=2$[/tex], and then multiplying by -1 gives [tex]$(x+1)^2=-2$[/tex].

But since the square of a real number is always nonnegative, there are no real solutions to this equation.

Therefore, a+b is undefined.

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(a) x₂ is assumed to be non-zero, the bias term (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -[tex]\bar x[/tex] )x₂ᵢ) / (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -[tex]\bar x[/tex])²) is non-zero, and thus the least-squares estimator of β₁ is biased.

(b) If x₁ and x₂ are uncorrelated, then the bias in β₁ is zero.

(a) The least-squares estimator of the slope in the original simple linear regression model is biased.

To see why, consider the expected value of the least-squares estimator:

E[β₁] = E[(∑ᵢ(xᵢ -   [tex]\bar x[/tex] )yᵢ) / (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex] )²)]

where [tex]\bar x[/tex] is the sample mean of x₁.

Expanding the numerator using the true regression function, we get:

(∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex] )yᵢ) = (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex] )(Bo + B1x₁ᵢ + B2x₂ᵢ))

= (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex]  )Bo) + B1(∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex]  )x₁ᵢ) + B2(∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex] )x₂ᵢ)

Taking the expected value of this expression and dividing by (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex] )²), we get:

E[β₁] = B1 + B2(∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex] )x₂ᵢ) / (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex]  )²)

Since x₂ is assumed to be non-zero, the bias term (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex] )x₂ᵢ) / (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex]  )²) is non-zero, and thus the least-squares estimator of β₁ is biased.

(b) The bias in β₁ is given by:

Bias(β₁) = E[β₁] - B1 = B2(∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex] )x₂ᵢ) / (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex] )²)

This shows that the bias in β₁ is proportional to B2, the coefficient of x₂ in the true regression function.

The bias is also proportional to the covariance between x₁ and x₂, as (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -  [tex]\bar x[/tex] )x₂ᵢ) / (∑ᵢ(xᵢ -[tex]\bar x[/tex] )²) is a measure of the strength of the relationship between x₁ and x₂.

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The variance of the new dataset can be found using the formula for the variance of a sample with replacement.

In statistics, variance is a measure of the spread or variability of a set of data around its mean. It is the average of the squared differences of each data point from the mean.

The formula for variance (σ²) is:

σ² = Σ(x - μ)² / n

where Σ is the sum of, x is a data point, μ is the mean of the data set, and n is the total number of data points.

One important property of variance is that it is not resistant to outliers. That is, if there are extreme values in the data set, the variance will be disproportionately affected. In such cases, it may be more appropriate to use other measures of spread, such as the interquartile range or the range.

Variance is often used in conjunction with other statistical measures, such as the standard deviation and covariance, to describe the characteristics of a data set or to make inferences about a population based on a sample.

Var(new data) = [n/(n+1)] * [σ^2 + (x - μ)^2/n]

where n is the sample size before the new observation, σ^2 is the original variance, x is the value of the new observation, and μ is the original mean.

Plugging in the given values, we get:

Var(new data) = [25/(25+1)] * [1 + (14 - 10)^2/25]

= 0.961

Therefore, the variance of the new dataset is approximately 0.961

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The probability of Mrs. Bothe picking exactly 17 games incorrectly in the

first round is 0.101.

The probability of picking all 32 games correctly is:

[tex]0.45^{32} = 4.73 x 10^{-13} or 0.000000000000473[/tex]

The probability of picking exactly 17 games correctly and 15 games

incorrectly can be calculated using the binomial probability formula:

[tex]P(X = 17) = (32 choose 17) \times 0.45^{17} \times (1 - 0.45)^{15}[/tex]

= 0.186

So the probability of Mrs. Bothe picking exactly 17 games correctly in the

first round is 0.186.

Similarly, the probability of picking exactly 17 games incorrectly and 15

games correctly can be calculated using the same formula:

[tex]P(X = 17) = (32 choose 17) \times 0.55^{17} \times (1 - 0.55)^{15}[/tex]

= 0.101

So the probability of Mrs. Bothe picking exactly 17 games incorrectly in

the first round is 0.101.

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The probability of having more than 95 trials until 90 successes with a 90% success rate is approximately 0.9429.

To solve this problem, we need to use the central limit theorem, which tells us that the distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution as the sample size gets larger.

We know that a Bernoulli trial has a 90% success rate, which means that the probability of success (p) is 0.9 and the probability of failure (q) is 0.1.

Using the formula for the mean and variance of a binomial distribution, we can find that the mean (μ) of x is:

μ = np = 90/0.9 = 100

And the variance (σ^2) of x is:

σ^2 = npq = 100(0.1) = 10

To use the central limit theorem, we need to standardize x using the formula:

z = (x - μ) / σ

Substituting the values we found, we get:

z = (95 - 100) / sqrt(10) = -1.58

Now we need to find the probability that x is greater than 95. Since we are not using continuity correction, we can use a standard normal distribution table to find the probability of z being less than -1.58:

P(z < -1.58) = 0.0571

But we want the probability of x being greater than 95, so we need to subtract this value from 1:

P(x > 95) = 1 - P(z < -1.58) = 1 - 0.0571 = 0.9429

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The expression in standard form is -x^2 + 5x - 1 = 0.

The standard form of a quadratic equation is

ax^2 + bx + c = 0

where a, b, and c are constants.

To find an expression in factored form that has a b-value greater than 5 and a c-value of 1 when written in standard form, we can start by assuming that the quadratic equation has roots at x = 1 and x = -1, since the product of the roots is equal to c/a = 1, and the sum of the roots is equal to -b/a.

So, we can write the equation in factored form as

(x - 1)(x + 1) = 0

Expanding this expression, we get

x^2 - 1 = 0

Comparing this to the standard form of a quadratic equation, we can see that a = 1, b = 0, and c = -1.

To get a c-value of 1, we can multiply both sides of the equation by -1

-1(x^2 - 1) = 0

This gives us the standard form of a quadratic equation with a = 1, b = 0, and c = 1.

To get a b-value greater than 5, we can simply add 5x to both sides of the equation

-1(x^2 - 1) + 5x = 0 + 5x

Simplifying this expression, we get

-x^2 + 5x - 1 = 0

So the expression in factored form that has a b-value greater than 5 and a c-value of 1 when written in standard form is

(x - 1)(x + 1) - 5x = 0

or

-x^2 + 5x - 1 = 0

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The factored form of the binomial is 3q(4q + 5).

A binomial is a polynomial with only terms. For example, x + 2 is a binomial where x and 2 are two separate terms. Also, the coefficient of x is 1, the exponent of x is 1, and 2 is a constant here. Therefore, a binomial is a two-term algebraic expression that contains a variable, a coefficient, an exponent, and a constant.

Factorize the binomial given term firstly  factor out the greatest common factor of the two terms, which is 3q:

after taking out common factor we get,

12q² + 15q = 3q(4q + 5)

So, the factored form of the binomial 12q² + 15q is 3q(4q + 5).

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Yes, a linear relation exists between the weight of the bear and its length. The linear correlation coefficient, r, is close to 1, indicating a strong positive linear relationship between the two variables.

A mathematical equation is a formula that connects two claims and uses the equals symbol (=) to denote equivalence. An equation in algebra is a mathematical statement that establishes the equivalence of two mathematical expressions. For instance, in the equation 3x + 5 = 14, the equal sign places a space between the variables 3x + 5 and 14. The relationship between the two sentences that are written on each side of a letter may be understood using a mathematical formula. The symbol and the single variable are frequently the same. as in, 2x - 4 equals 2, for instance.

(a) The explanatory variable based on the goals of the research is the length of the bear.

(b) Here is a scatter plot of the data:

scatterplot of American black bear data

(c) To determine the linear correlation coefficient between weight and length, we can use a statistical software or a calculator that has this capability. Using a calculator, we get:

$r = 0.925$

(d) Yes, a linear relation exists between the weight of the bear and its length. The linear correlation coefficient, r, is close to 1, indicating a strong positive linear relationship between the two variables.

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The spherical coordinates of the point (1/√3, π/15, 1) are (ρ, θ, φ) = (√3sinφ, π/15, arctan(1/√3)).

The point (1/√3, π/15, 1) in cylindrical coordinates and (ρ, θ, φ) in spherical coordinates can be related using the following equations:

r = ρsinφ

θ = θ

z = ρcosφ

Substituting the given values of r, θ and z, we get:

1/√3 = ρsinφ

π/15 = θ

1 = ρcosφ

From the first equation, we get:

ρ = √3sinφ

Substituting this in the third equation, we get:

√3sinφ = ρcosφ

Solving for φ, we get:

φ = arctan(1/√3)

Therefore, the spherical coordinates of the point (1/√3, π/15, 1) are (ρ, θ, φ) = (√3sinφ, π/15, arctan(1/√3)).

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"Your question is incomplete, probably the complete question/missing part is:"

The point with cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z)=(1/√3, π/15, 1) has spherical coordinates (ρ, θ, φ)=--------(input [(ρ, θ, φ])

Applying vertical angle theorem and linear pair theorem in the figure the values of z and x are solved to be

The value of z is solved using vertical angle theorem which have it that

z = 81 degrees

applying linear pair theorem we solve for z as follows

(5x + 84) + 81 = 180

(5x + 84) = 180 - 81

(5x + 84) = 99

5x = 99 - 84

5x = 15

x = 3

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(a) The amount of the substance left after 12 hours is approximately 34.33%.

(b) The time it will take for 95% of the substance to decay is approximately 16.49 hours.

(a) To determine how much of the substance is left after 12 hours, we will use the half-life formula:
Remaining substance = Initial substance * (1/2)^(time elapsed / half-life)
Since we don't have the initial amount, let's use 100% as a reference point:
Remaining substance = 100% * (1/2)^(12 hours / 5 hours)
Remaining substance ≈ 100% * (1/2)^2.4 ≈ 34.33%

After 12 hours, approximately 34.33% of the radioactive substance remains.

(b) To find how long it takes for 95% of the substance to decay, we will set up the equation and solve for the time elapsed:
5% remaining = 100% * (1/2)^(time elapsed / 5 hours)
0.05 = (1/2)^(time elapsed / 5)
Taking the logarithm of both sides:
log(0.05) = (time elapsed / 5) * log(1/2)
Solving for the time elapsed:
time elapsed ≈ 5 * (log(0.05) / log(1/2)) ≈ 16.49 hours

It takes approximately 16.49 hours for 95% of the substance to decay.

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Answer:

D. 2

Step-by-step explanation:

3x^2 has a two in the exponential place. this means the expression has a degree of 2.

The number of unique 5-digit codes that can be created from the 3 digits (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) with repeats possible is 3,125.

To find the total number of unique 5-digit codes that can be created from the 3 digits (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) if repeats are possible, we can use the formula for permutations with repetition.

Since there are 5 possible digits and we are choosing 5 digits with replacement, the total number of possible codes can be calculated as 5^5 = 3,125. This means that there are 3,125 unique 5-digit codes that can be created using the digits (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) with repetition.

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The chance of a random person's height being rounded to 180 cm depends on the height distribution of the population being measured and the rounding rules being used, and would need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. This can be answered by the concept of Probability.

The likelihood of a random person's measured height being rounded to 180 cm depends on the height distribution of the population being measured and the rounding rules being used. If the height distribution of the population is such that a significant portion of individuals fall within a narrow range around 180 cm, then there is a higher chance that a random person's height will be rounded to 180 cm. However, if the height distribution is more spread out and individuals' heights are evenly distributed across different heights, then the chance of a random person's height being rounded to exactly 180 cm would be lower.

Additionally, the rounding rules being used would also affect the likelihood. If the rounding is done using standard rounding rules, where heights are rounded to the nearest whole number, then the chance of a random person's height being rounded to exactly 180 cm would be low, as the person's actual height would need to be very close to 180.5 cm for it to be rounded to 180 cm. However, if a different rounding rule is used, such as rounding to the nearest centimeter with rounding up for any decimal greater than or equal to 0.5, then the chance of a person's height being rounded to 180 cm could be higher if their actual height falls between 179.5 cm and 180.5 cm.

Therefore, the chance of a random person's height being rounded to 180 cm depends on the height distribution of the population being measured and the rounding rules being used, and would need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis.

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The model for Ethiopia's population is: P(t) = 65.3 * [tex]e^{(0.029t)}[/tex]

What is statistics?

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of numerical data. It involves the use of methods and techniques to gather, summarize, and draw conclusions from data.

To model the population of each country as a function of time, we can use the exponential growth model, which is given by:

P(t) = P0 * [tex]e^{(kt)}[/tex]

where P0 is the initial population, k is the growth rate, and t is the time elapsed since the initial population measurement.

For Thailand, we have:

P0 = 61.4 million

P(10) = 68 million

t = 10 years

Using the exponential growth model, we can solve for k:

P(t) = P0 * [tex]e^{(kt)}[/tex]

68 = 61.4 * [tex]e^{(k10)}[/tex]

68/61.4 = [tex]e^{(k10)}[/tex]

ln(68/61.4) = 10k

k = ln(68/61.4) / 10

k = 0.02598

Rounding to five decimal places, we get:

k = 0.026

Therefore, the model for Thailand's population is:

P(t) = 61.4 * [tex]e^{(0.029t)}[/tex]

For Ethiopia, we have:

P0 = 65.3 million

P(10) = 70 million

t = 10 years

Using the same method as above, we can solve for k:

P(t) = P0 * [tex]e^{kt}[/tex]

70 = 65.3 *[tex]e^{(k10)}[/tex]

70/65.3 = [tex]e^{(k10)}[/tex]

ln(70/65.3) = 10k

k = ln(70/65.3) / 10

k = 0.02904

Rounding to five decimal places, we get:

k = 0.029

Therefore, the model for Ethiopia's population is:

P(t) = 65.3 * [tex]e^{(0.029t)}[/tex]

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Based on the given 90% confidence interval of (-0.37, 12.77), it cannot be concluded that new drug has a significant positive effect on memorization ability.

Based on the given 90% confidence interval for the difference in population mean scores (with drug - without drug) of (-0.37, 12.77), you can conclude the following:

1. The confidence interval represents the range within which we can be 90% confident that the true difference in population mean scores lies.

2. Since the interval contains both positive and negative values, we cannot conclusively say that the new drug has a significant positive effect on memorization ability. There is still a possibility that the drug has no effect (or even a slightly negative effect) on memorization ability.

3. However, most of the interval is in the positive range, which may suggest that the drug could potentially have a positive impact on memorization ability.

To make a more definitive conclusion, the pharmaceutical company might consider conducting further research with a larger sample size, which may help to narrow down the confidence interval and provide more precise results.

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Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:

Remember PEMDAS

2 - 8 : (2^4 : 2) =

2 - 8 : (16 : 2) =

2 - 8 : 8 =

2 - 1 =

True, the difference between the actual observed value and the predicted value (by the regression model) is called the residual.

Regression analysis is a group of statistical procedures used in statistical modelling to determine the relationships between a dependent variable (often referred to as the "outcome" or "response" variable, or a "label" in machine learning jargon), and one or more independent variables (often referred to as "predictors," "covariates," "explanatory variables," or "features"). In linear regression, the most typical type of regression analysis, the line (or a more complicated linear combination) that most closely matches the data in terms of a given mathematical criterion is found.

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The correct decision based on the given information would be to (c) Fail to reject H0 in favor of H1. This can be answered by the concept of confidence interval.

The confidence interval (10, 15) means that we are 95% confident that the true population mean, denoted by μ, falls between 10 and 15. The null hypothesis, H0: μ = 16, states that the population mean is equal to 16, while the alternative hypothesis, H1: μ ≠16, states that the population mean is not equal to 16.

The significance level, denoted by α, is given as 0.10, which means that we have a 10% chance of making a Type I error, i.e., rejecting a true null hypothesis. In other words, if the true population mean is actually 16 (as assumed in H0), there is a 10% chance that we might reject it based on our sample data.

Since the confidence interval (10, 15) does not include the value 16, it does not provide evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, we fail to reject H0 in favor of H1.

Therefore, the correct decision based on the given information is to fail to reject H0 in favor of H1

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The other factor of the expression x²+2x-24  is x-4.

A factor is a number or an expression that divides another number or expression, leaving no remainder.

To find the other factor of x²+2x-24, we factorize the expression using the following steps

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

Step 4:

Hence, the other factor is x-4.

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The Smoothness of function having "several-variables" is infinitely "differentiable" if (a) all its "partial-derivatives" of all orders exists.

A function made up "several-variables" is said to be infinitely differentiable, or smooth, if all its "partial-derivatives" of all orders exist and are continuous.

This means that for a function , all its first-order partial derivatives must exist and be continuous, and so must all its second-order partial derivatives, and all its third-order partial derivatives, and so on, for all orders of partial derivatives.

Infinitely differentiable functions are important in many areas of mathematics, science, and engineering. For example, in calculus, such functions are used to define Taylor series, which provide a way to approximate complicated functions using polynomials.

Therefore, the correct option is (a).

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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

Smoothness A function of several variables is infinitely differentiable if

(a) all its partial derivatives of all orders exists

(b) all its first partial derivatives exist and are continuous

(c) none of the other options

(d) all its first partial derivatives exist

(e) it is integrable

To compare the hearing abilities of urban and rural children, we need to conduct an independent sample t-test. This is because we have two independent samples of participants (urban vs rural children) and we want to compare the means of their hearing abilities. The null hypothesis (H0) for the independent samples t-test is that there is no difference between the means of the two groups. The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is that there is a significant difference between the means of the two groups.

We can calculate the t-value using the formula:

t = (M1 - M2) / (s_p * √[(1/n1) + (1/n2)]) where M1 and M2 are the means of the two groups, s_p is the pooled standard deviation, and n1 and n2 are the sample sizes of the two groups.

The pooled standard deviation is calculated using the formula:

s_p = √[((n1 - 1) * s1^2 + (n2 - 1) * s2^2) / (n1 + n2 - 2))] where s1 and s2 are the standard deviations of the two groups.

Plugging in the values we have:

M1 = 99, M2 = 90, s1 = 6, s2 = 6, n1 = 15, n2 = 19

s_p = √[((15 - 1) * 6^2 + (19 - 1) * 6^2) / (15 + 19 - 2))] = 6.11

t = (99 - 90) / (6.11 * √[(1/15) + (1/19)]) = 3.02

Using a two-tailed t-test with a significance level of .05 and degrees of freedom of 32, the critical t-value is approximately 2.04. Since our calculated t-value of 3.02 is greater than the critical t-value of 2.04, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference in hearing abilities between urban and rural children. Specifically, the hearing ability of urban children (M = 99) is significantly higher than that of rural children (M = 90).

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To find the percentage of states with an infant mortality rate between 5 and 7 percent, we will use the z-score formula and the standard normal distribution table.

Steps are:
Step 1: Convert the given rates to the same unit as the mean (per 1,000 live births) by dividing them by 100. So, 5% = 5/100 * 1000 = 50 and 7% = 7/100 * 1000 = 70.

Step 2: Calculate the z-scores for the given infant mortality rates.
z-score = (X - mean) / standard deviation
For 50:
z-score = (50 - 6.98) / 1.62 = 43.02 / 1.62 ≈ 26.55
For 70:
z-score = (70 - 6.98) / 1.62 = 63.02 / 1.62 ≈ 38.90

Step 3: Find the area under the standard normal distribution curve between these z-scores. Since these z-scores are far beyond the typical range of the z-table (usually between -3.49 and 3.49), the probabilities of finding states with these z-scores are practically zero.

In this case, we can conclude that the percentage of states with an infant mortality rate between 5 and 7 percent is approximately 0%.

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