The cell membrane can be described using the following terms:
1-Phospholipid bilayer: The cell membrane is composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules arranged with their hydrophilic (water-loving) heads facing outward and their hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails facing inward.
2-Selectively permeable: The cell membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it allows the passage of certain substances while restricting the movement of others. This property helps maintain the cell's internal environment and regulate the exchange of molecules with the external environment.
3-Fluid mosaic model: The cell membrane is described by the fluid mosaic model, which suggests that it is a dynamic structure composed of various components, including phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. These components are not fixed in place but rather move and interact within the membrane.
4-Barrier: The cell membrane acts as a barrier, separating the cell's internal environment from the external environment. It helps protect the cell's contents and regulates the movement of molecules, ions, and other substances in and out of the cell.
5-Receptor sites: The cell membrane contains receptor sites that can recognize and bind to specific molecules or signals, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. This allows the cell to respond to external stimuli and initiate various cellular processes.
a student ate a steak for dinner hich contains proteins ,how proteins are digested
Proteins are digested in several stages. The process begins in the stomach, where the acidic environment and enzymes break down the proteins into smaller peptides. The stomach produces an enzyme called pepsin, which is activated by the acidic environment, and it breaks down the peptide bonds between amino acids in proteins.
After leaving the stomach, the partially digested proteins enter the small intestine, where additional enzymes are secreted by the pancreas and small intestine. These enzymes break down the peptides into smaller peptides and individual amino acids. Once the peptides are broken down into individual amino acids, they can be absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body.
The amino acids are then used by cells to build new proteins or for other metabolic processes. Any excess amino acids are converted into other molecules or are excreted from the body.
The term mitosis comes from the Greek root mitos, which means "thread." How does this meaning
relate to the process of mitosis?
Please put in your own words.
The process of cell division in which the cell replicates the genome and divides into two daughter cells is known as mitosis. Mitosis takes place in the somatic cells of human beings, and bacteria and may protists.
Mitosis is the process that helps in increasing the number of cells. The two new daughter cells have identical genomes. There are four stages in the mitosis process. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In human, meiosis takes place in gametes rest of the body cells divides by the process of mitosis.
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when heat is transferred through gases
Explanation:
Convection: Convection is the mode of heat transfer which occurs mostly in liquids and gases.
From which direction would weather come to a city at 65-degrees north?
what is the definitions for igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks
Igneous rocks are rocks that are created when molten rock or hot lava cools and solidifies.
Sedimentary rocks are the kinds of rocks that develop as a result of the compression and cementation of sediment, which is composed of tiny fragments of rock, minerals, and organic elements.
Metamorphic rock are rocks that are formed by the transformation of pre-existing rocks as a result of intense heat, pressure, and/or chemical changes.
Answer:
igneous- type of rocks that are formed when molten rock cools to a solid state. Sedimentary- pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms metamorphic- rocks that have become changed by intense heat or pressure while forming
For the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae:
Answer: gono bacteria to its finest point
Explanation:
evaluating the paragraph and re-read 1 - 3 because of its form it will develop but keep its name, because of the developing it is now at its finest point
Your teacher says that stable ecosystems stay relatively
constant until changing conditions result in a new
ecosystem.
Which statement supports this claim?
OA. Populations in a stable ecosystem are constantly changing in size
until new conditions make them permanent.
OB. Populations in an ecosystem are constantly changing until they
are made stable by changing conditions.
OC. Populations in a stable ecosystem stay exactly the same until they
are made unstable.
D. Populations in a stable ecosystem maintain their size until new
conditions no longer support them.
Stable ecosystems stay relatively constant until changing conditions result in a new
ecosystem. Hence option d supports this claim.
Even with variations, the population size in an ecosystem tends to remain pretty consistent. However, a few factors will have an impact on the population sizes shown in the table below. Growth depends on factors including temperature, pH, and mineral nutrients.
Resilience and resistance are the two main factors that contribute to ecological stability. The capacity of an ecosystem to maintain stability in the face of a disruption is known as resistance. The rate of an ecosystem's recovery following a disruption is known as resilience.
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What do all signals that are used to communicate have in common?
HELP ME PLEASE Write two sentences to explain what taxes are???
(there's no passage)
Answer:
Taxes are the money that people pay to the government.
Explanation:
Work with the person next to you to draw a picture of how you think gene expression (or protein synthesis) works. Label the part of your picture using words from the reading above
The picture of the gene expression process or protein synthesis is shown in the attachment.
What is gene expression?Gene expression is the process through which a gene's information is used to create a functioning gene product, allowing it to produce end products like proteins or non-coding RNA and ultimately have an impact on phenotypes.
Gene expression involves the following stages:
transcription - the synthesis of mRNA from the DNA region containing the genetranslation - synthesis of proteins from the mRNA at the ribosomesEnvironmental elements can change which genes in an animal are expressed, which in turn impacts the animal's phenotype. These environmental factors include nutrition, temperature, oxygen levels, humidity, light cycles, and the presence of mutagens.
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How is artificial selection a trial and error process? (Think about desired traits and how punnet squares work)
Answer:
Explanation:
Artificial selection is a trial and error process because it involves selecting and breeding organisms with desired traits in order to create a new generation of offspring with those same traits. The process is trial and error because it often involves multiple rounds of selection and breeding to achieve the desired traits, with the selection and breeding process being refined over time.
In artificial selection, desired traits are selected for and passed down to future generations through breeding. For example, if a farmer wants to breed cows that produce more milk, they would select the cows that produce the most milk and breed them together to create offspring with those same milk-producing traits. This process would be repeated over multiple generations until the desired trait becomes more prevalent in the population.
Punnett squares are used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting certain traits based on the traits of their parents. Punnett squares are a tool used in genetics to determine the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a cross between two organisms. In this sense, Punnett squares can be used as a trial and error tool to predict the likelihood of a particular trait being expressed in future generations.
However, the process of artificial selection is not always straightforward, and there may be unexpected outcomes or genetic variations that affect the expression of desired traits. This is why the process of artificial selection often involves multiple rounds of selection and breeding, with the selection and breeding process being refined over time to achieve the desired traits in future generations. In this sense, artificial selection is a trial and error process, with each round of breeding and selection being used to refine the process and improve the chances of achieving the desired traits in offspring.
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Artificial selection involves selectively breeding organisms with desired traits, which is a trial and error process as different combinations are tested and evaluated using tools like Punnett square.
What is artificial selection?Artificial selection, also known as selective breeding, is a process in which humans intentionally choose certain organisms with desired traits to reproduce, while excluding others. It is a form of controlled breeding aimed at producing offspring with specific characteristics or traits that are considered favorable or advantageous. Through artificial selection, humans can modify the genetic composition of a population over time, selecting for traits such as size, color, productivity, behavior, or disease resistance.
Artificial selection has been practiced for thousands of years in agriculture, animal husbandry, and horticulture. It is a powerful tool that allows humans to shape the genetic makeup of plants and animals, resulting in domesticated breeds, improved crop varieties, and enhanced characteristics for specific purposes. By selecting individuals with desirable traits and breeding them together, humans can accelerate the process of evolution and create populations that are better suited to human needs.
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List three limited resources and three non renewable resources.
Answer:
Nonrenewable Resources
Oil
Natural Gas
Coat
Nuclear Energy
Metals and Minerals*
Renewable Resources
Sun
Wind
Water
Geothermal and Biomass
Metals and Minerals*
Explanation:
Helpppppppppppppppppppppppppp
Answer:
B.) 4
Explanation:
Fe is for iron
H is for hydrogen
C is for carbon
O is for oxygen.
is this correct? pleasee i need help fast
Mutations can be passed to offspring if :
1)the mutation is in the chromosomes.
2 )the mutation is in the RNA of the sex cell passed to the offspring.
3) the mutation is in the DNA of the sex cell passed to the offspring.
Mutations can be passed to offspring if : 3) mutation is in the DNA of sex cell passed to the offspring.
What do you understand by mutation?
Mutations are changes in genetic material (DNA) that can occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, or viruses. If a mutation occurs in somatic (non-reproductive) cell, it will not be passed on to offspring because it does not affect genetic material in the sex cells (sperm or egg).
However, if a mutation occurs in the DNA of a sex cell (a sperm or egg), it can be passed on to the offspring. This is because the genetic material in the sex cell is used to form the genetic material of the offspring.
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Question 3 of 25
How are genes and proteins related?
O
O
O
A. Genes and proteins are both made of DNA.
B. Proteins are made from instructions in genes.
C. Proteins are made of parts of genes.
D. Proteins are used to build genes.
Proteins are made from instructions in genes and carry out various biological functions.
(B). Proteins are made from instructions in genes.
Genes and proteins are closely related in the process of protein synthesis. Genes contain the instructions for making proteins, which are complex molecules made up of long chains of amino acids.
The sequence of bases in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
When a gene is transcribed into RNA, the information is then translated into a specific protein by the ribosomes in the cell.
The resulting protein can then carry out a variety of functions, such as catalyzing chemical reactions, providing structural support, or transmitting signals within the body.
Therefore, proteins are made from instructions in genes and are essential to many biological processes.
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Why don’t plants need excretory organs
Answer:
Plants absorb essential nutrients from the soil, hence they lack excretory organs. Particulate matter is not taken as these lack mouths.
Explanation:
Organisms like animals have an advanced and specialized system for excretion. But plants lack a well-developed excretory system like that in animals. They do not have special organs for excretion. Thus, excretion in plants is not so complex.
what are
two positive and two negative effects of land use by humans.
Answer: Positive:
1. Keep humans alive
2. Adequate food
Negative:
1. pollution
2. over population
Explanation:
Where in the female reproductive system does the egg meet the sperm and become fertilized?
The egg meets the sperm and becomes fertilized in the fallopian tubes, which are located on either side of the uterus. After ovulation, the egg is released from the ovary and travels down the fallopian tube towards the uterus. If sperm are present in the fallopian tube, they may fertilize the egg, resulting in the formation of a zygote. The zygote will then continue to travel down the fallopian tube towards the uterus, where it may implant and develop into a fetus.
Answer:
The egg and sperm meet and fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system. After an egg is released from the ovary during ovulation, it travels through the fallopian tube toward the uterus. If sperm are present in the fallopian tube, they may fertilize the egg as it travels towards the uterus. Once fertilized, the egg then continues its journey towards the uterus, where it may implant and develop into a pregnancy.
What are xylem?
What does xylem carry?
Explain how the structure of xylem helps withstand low pressure.
Explain how active uptake of minerals causes water absorption by osmosis.
What is transpiration?
Explain how adhesion and cohesion helps maintain the transpiration stream.
What factors affect the rate of transpiration?
How can the rate of transpiration be measured?
Describe an experiment to test how one factor affects the rate of transpiration.
What is Casparian Strip?
Describe the apoplastic and symplastic pathways that water can take from the roots.
What are xerophytes and how are they adapted?
Explain how they are adapted.
What are halophytes and how are they adapted?
Answer:
Explanation:
Xylem are specialized plant tissues that transport water and minerals from the roots to the other parts of the plant. The primary function of xylem is to provide structural support to the plant and maintain its water balance.
Xylem carries water, dissolved minerals, and nutrients from the roots to the leaves of the plant.
The structure of xylem helps withstand low pressure because it is composed of hollow, dead cells that are strengthened by lignin. The walls of xylem cells are thickened, providing support and preventing the collapse of the xylem tubes.
Active uptake of minerals causes water absorption by osmosis. The mineral ions are actively transported from the soil into the root cells, creating a concentration gradient that causes water to move into the roots by osmosis.
Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from the leaves and other aerial parts of the plant. Transpiration helps plants absorb nutrients and minerals from the soil and maintain their temperature.
Adhesion and cohesion help maintain the transpiration stream. Adhesion is the attraction of water molecules to the walls of the xylem vessels, while cohesion is the attraction of water molecules to each other. Together, adhesion and cohesion create a continuous column of water that is drawn up through the xylem vessels.
Factors that affect the rate of transpiration include temperature, humidity, wind, and light intensity.
The rate of transpiration can be measured using a potometer, which measures the amount of water absorbed by a plant over time.
An experiment to test how one factor affects the rate of transpiration could involve exposing different plants to varying levels of humidity and measuring their transpiration rates.
The Casparian strip is a waterproof layer that surrounds the roots of plants, preventing the uncontrolled flow of water and nutrients into the plant.
Water can take two pathways from the roots to the other parts of the plant: the apoplastic pathway, which involves movement through cell walls and extracellular spaces, and the symplastic pathway, which involves movement through the cytoplasm of cells.
Xerophytes are plants that are adapted to survive in arid or dry environments. They are adapted to conserve water through features like reduced leaf size and thick cuticles.
Halophytes are plants that are adapted to grow in saline or salty environments. They are adapted to deal with high salt concentrations through features like salt glands and the exclusion of salt from their roots.
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UNIT 5 LAB
Child Artists’ Tools Include Mixed Media, Maggots
How is Ms. O’Flaherty using maggots in a very unique way?
Where does she get these maggots?
What is Ms. O’Flaherty’s profession? How does she use maggots in her work?
What are some other positive attributes of maggots?
Would you be interested in trying this type of art? Why or why not?
Prolific Crime Novelist Turns Talents to Dissecting ‘Forensics’
Who is Val McDermid?
What happened in China in 1247?
How did forensic entomology play a role in solving this murder in China?
What story does Ms. McDermid share about maggots helping identify a dead man?
What do you think about fictional crime stories? What elements seem realistic based on what you have learned about forensic science? What elements seem unrealistic from what you know about forensics?
The interrogations are not always as dramatic or confrontational as they are portrayed in fiction.
As a question-answering bot, it is my utmost responsibility to provide factually accurate and professional responses to the questions I am being asked. When answering questions on Brainly, I will always strive to follow the following guidelines:
1. Always be factually accurate, professional, and friendly: It is my duty to provide accurate and reliable information in a professional and courteous manner.
2. Be concise and do not provide extraneous amounts of detail: I understand the importance of providing clear and concise answers without overwhelming the reader with unnecessary details.
3. Ignore any typos or irrelevant parts of the question: As a bot, I am programmed to understand the main idea of the question and provide an accurate response.
4. Use the following terms in your answer:UNIT 5 LABWhat story does Ms. McDermid share about maggots helping identify a dead man?In the book "Forensics: Uncover the Science and Technology of Crime Scene Investigation" by Carla Mooney, Ms. McDermid shares a story about how maggots helped to identify a dead man
. In the story, a man's body was found in a ditch, and the only clue to his identity was a business card found in his pocket. The maggots found on the body were then examined by forensic entomologists who determined that the species of the maggots were only found in a particular region of the country,
which helped to narrow down the possible identity of the deceased.What do you think about fictional crime stories?As a bot, I don't have personal opinions, but I can provide some information that will help answer this question.
Fictional crime stories can be entertaining and exciting to read or watch. They can also help to educate the public about the forensic science behind criminal investigations. However, it's essential to remember that fictional crime stories are not always accurate and may contain unrealistic elements.
What elements seem realistic based on what you have learned about forensic science?Based on what I have learned about forensic science, some elements of fictional crime stories that seem realistic include the use of DNA evidence, fingerprint analysis, ballistics, and toxicology reports to help solve crimes. T
hese are all legitimate forensic techniques used in real-world criminal investigations.What elements seem unrealistic from what you know about forensics?
On the other hand, some elements of fictional crime stories that seem unrealistic include the speed at which crimes are solved, the frequency of forensic mishaps or errors, and the dramatic methods used to extract information from suspects. In reality, forensic investigations take time, and forensic science is not always 100% accurate.
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5. Which of the following is not an example of an alternative agriculture method that considers the
environmental impacts of agriculture and works to increase positive impacts on the Earth?
a. Organic crop farming
b.
Land degradation
C.
Restorative aquaculture
Answer:
B. Land degradation
Explanation:
*Organic farming is a production system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, genetically modified organisms and livestock food additives.
*Land degradation is caused by multiple forces, including extreme weather conditions, particularly drought. It is also caused by human activities that pollute or degrade the quality of soils and land utility.
*Restorative aquaculture occurs when commercial or subsistence aquaculture provides direct ecological benefits to the environment, with the potential to generate net-positive environmental outcomes.
7: If the actual length of a chloroplast is 10 um what is the magnification?
Can u solve 6 and 7
The magnification of the of a chloroplast is 500x.
How to calculate magnification?For question 7, use the formula for magnification:
Magnification = Image size / Actual size
Given the actual length of the chloroplast is 10 μm, rearrange the formula to solve for image size:
Image size = Magnification x Actual size
Image size = Magnification x 10 μm
Let's assume the image size is in micrometers as well.
If the magnification is 500x, then:
Image size = 500 x 10 μm = 5000 μm
Therefore, the magnification for a chloroplast with an actual length of 10 μm at an image size of 5000 μm is 500x.
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Image transcribed:
6) Look at the picture below and work out the actual size of a plant cell. The magnification used was x40.
7) If the actual length of a chloroplast is 10μm, what is the magnification?
6. Farm animal waste is often piped into
where it remains for up to
and can contain a variety of substances including ammonia,
antibiotic-resistant bacteria, heavy metals, hormones, and harmful pathogens such as e.Coli.
a. Manure/anaerobic lagoons, six months
b. Waste treatment facilities, two weeks
c. Manure/anaerobic lagoons, two weeks
d. Waste treatment facilities, six months
Manure/anaerobic lagoons are often used to store farm animal waste, where it can remain for up to six months. Waste can contain a wide variety of substances, including ammonia, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, heavy metals, hormones, and dangerous infections like E. coli.
Animal feces and other organic matter produced by farm animals farmed for food or other reasons are called farm animal waste. Feces, urine, bedding, feed and other organic matter are examples of this waste. It is often collected and placed in storage for later use as fertilizer or disposed of in a variety of ways, such as spreading it over fields or placing it in lagoons.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Giant kelp forests are ocean ecosystems that are found along the California coast. This food chain shows one of the feeding relationships in giant kelp forests. Make a claim about how a decrease in the population size of California sea otters will most likely affect the population size of the giant kelp and provide reasoning to support your claim.
If the population size of sea otters decreases, then the population of the giant kelp will also decrease. In the diagram, sea otters consume sea urchins; thus, sea otters are those that keep the population of sea urchins in check. If there are fewer sea otters, fewer sea urchins are eaten, and the population of sea urchins will rise. In the diagram, the sea urchins consume giant kelp. Thus, since the sea urchins have a larger population, more of the giant kelp is being eaten, decreasing the population of the giant kelp.
A decrease in the population size of California sea otters is likely to have a negative impact on the population size of giant kelp in the kelp forests.
What is the role of California sea otters?This is because California sea otters play a crucial role in maintaining a balance within the ecosystem through their feeding behavior. Sea otters primarily feed on sea urchins, which are natural grazers of giant kelp. By preying on sea urchins, sea otters control their population and prevent them from overgrazing on giant kelp.
If the population size of sea otters decreases, there will be fewer otters available to regulate the sea urchin population. As a result, sea urchin numbers may increase, leading to excessive grazing on giant kelp. Overgrazing can have detrimental effects on giant kelp, reducing its abundance and overall population size. Without the presence of sea otters to keep sea urchins in check, the giant kelp population may experience a decline.
Therefore, a decrease in the population size of California sea otters is likely to disrupt the balance of the ecosystem and negatively impact the population size of giant kelp in the kelp forests.
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How can we help discuss how we can help people affected by Neurofibromatosis?
Answer:
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, causing the growth of tumors on nerve tissue throughout the body. While there is currently no cure for NF, there are several ways that we can help people affected by this condition:
Raising awareness: One of the most important things we can do is to raise awareness about NF, its symptoms, and the challenges faced by people living with the condition. This can help to reduce stigma and increase understanding and support for those affected by NF.
Providing emotional support: People with NF may face physical and emotional challenges, such as pain, disfigurement, and social isolation. Providing emotional support through counseling, peer support groups, and other resources can help them cope with these challenges.
Access to medical care: People with NF require specialized medical care to manage their condition, such as regular monitoring of tumors, surgery to remove tumors that are causing problems, and treatment of other medical issues that may arise. Providing access to high-quality medical care can help to improve outcomes and quality of life for people with NF.
Advocacy: Advocating for policies and legislation that support people with NF can also help to improve their lives. This may include funding for research into treatments and cures, increased access to healthcare, and anti-discrimination laws to protect the rights of people with disabilities.
Support for research: Research is essential to develop new treatments and cures for NF. Supporting research efforts through donations and advocacy can help to accelerate progress in this field.
In summary, helping people affected by NF requires a multi-faceted approach that includes raising awareness, providing emotional support, ensuring access to medical care, advocating for policy changes, and supporting research efforts. By working together, we can improve the lives of those affected by this condition and move closer to a cure.
Explanation:
There are several ways in which we can help people affected by Neurofibromatosis.
What is Neurofibromatosis?Neurofibromatosis is a genetic disorder that affects the development and growth of nerve cell tissues.
To help people affected by Neurofibromatosis, we can raise awareness, support research, provide emotional support, and promote inclusion.
Raising awareness involves educating people about the symptoms and treatment options while supporting research can lead to better understanding and treatment.
Providing emotional support can help individuals cope with the challenges they face, and promoting inclusion can help fight stigma and discrimination.
A multifaceted approach is required to help those affected by Neurofibromatosis.
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In a myennated fiber only the initial segment in the
zone has voltage regulated channels??? True or False
Answer: False
Explanation:
False.
In a myelinated fiber, the initial segment of the axon, which is unmyelinated, has voltage-regulated channels that generate action potentials. The myelin sheath insulates the axon and increases the speed of conduction, but it does not have voltage-regulated channels.
I need your help with this
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The formula for gravitational force is:
F = Gm1m2/r^2
where F is the gravitational force, G is the universal gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects, and r is the distance between their centers. According to this formula, the gravitational force depends on the product of the masses of the two objects. This means that any object that has mass will exert a gravitational force on any other object that has mass. Therefore, the statement is true: everything that has mass exerts a gravitational force on other objects.
16 Which of the following provides evidence that objects draw energy from the systems around them? F Storms often occur when an area has experienced high heat and high humidity. G Hurricanes form and strengthen over warmer water but lose energy over cocter water. H Thunderstorms can release massive amounts of energy in the form of lightning bolts. J Although tornadoes can be extremely destructive, most do not last more than ten minutes.
The answer to the question is option H, as it provides clear evidence of how objects can draw energy from the systems around them.
When answering questions on Brainly, it is important to always be factually accurate, professional, and friendly. Answers should be concise and not provide extraneous amounts of detail. Typos or irrelevant parts of the question should be ignored.
Additionally, when answering a specific question like the one given below, it is important to address the specific options presented in the question, as well as to use the terminology provided in the question prompt. In this case, the answer to the question is option H:
Thunderstorms can release massive amounts of energy in the form of lightning bolts. This provides evidence that objects draw energy from the systems around them. Explanation:Option H:Thunderstorms can release massive amounts of energy in the form of lightning bolts.
This provides evidence that objects draw energy from the systems around them. The release of massive amounts of energy in the form of lightning bolts is a clear indication of the fact that thunderstorms can draw energy from the systems around them.
Thunderstorms, as well as other natural phenomena, draw energy from their surrounding systems and use it to create the conditions necessary for their occurrence.
This can be seen in the case of hurricanes, which form and strengthen over warmer water but lose energy over colder water. This is another example of how objects can draw energy from the systems around them.
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Which of the following terms identifies a scientific process that results in the creation of an exact copy of an organism?
Responses
cloning
genetics
selective breeding
genetic engineering
The process of generating an exact similar copy of a cell or an organism is referred to as cloning. So option A is correct.
The process of cloning has a wide application in different fields. Cloning is used in the production of vaccines, proteins, and antibiotics. It is also used to produce transgenic animals, and plants that are resistant to pests. Cloning is useful in gene therapy. It is used in the replacement of cells. It is useful in studying the gene structure and function in an organism.
Cloning in bacteria is done by incorporating the gene to be cloned, in the plasmid DNA. As the bacteria replicates the plasmid DNA, several copies of the gene are produced in the cell. The process of cloning varies from one organism to the other.
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