what is the role of ca 2 ion during macrocapsule formation? how are the properties changed after addition of ca 2?

Sodium hydroxide dissolves into its ions (hydroxide ions and sodium ions). Because NaOH(s) has a standard enthalpy of dissolution of -44.50 kJ/mol.  25.0 g of NaOH(s) dissolve in water to produce 27.81 kilojoules of heat.

There is always heat production or evolution during a neutralisation reaction. The reaction mixture's temperature is increased by the heat that is evolved.

Enthalpy of neutralising NaOH with H2SO4 under ordinary circumstances is approximately 57.3 KJ per gramme equivalent mass, hence heat is generated when an aqueous solution contains 6.

Heat is emitted when an acid and an alkali react, hence enthalpy changes of neutralisation are always negative.

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The anthropogenic greenhous gas among the options is option (E) [tex] CCl_{2}[/tex][tex] F_{2}[/tex].

The compound [tex] CCl_{2}[/tex][tex] F_{2}[/tex] is the chemical formula for chlorofluorcarbons, commonly referred to as CFCs. Anthropogenic substances are the manmade elements that do not exist naturally. CFCs have been started manufacturing in 1930s, post which there concentration increased in the atmosphere.

The gas finds multiple applications such as in blowing agens, refrigerators, air conditioners, packaging materials, solvents and propellants. These have been associated with damage to environment with regulations being formulate to monitor their production and release.

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The complete question is -

(A)[tex] H_{2}O[/tex] (B) [tex] CO_{2}[/tex] (C) [tex] CH_{4}[/tex] (D) [tex] O_{3}[/tex] (E) [tex] CCl_{2}[/tex][tex] F_{2}[/tex]

A greenhouse gas that is exclusively anthropogenic is

option A

option B

option C

option D

option E

The amount of heat required for vaporization is 3504.67kJ. The correct option is option A.

The heat of vaporization/condensation also represents the amount of heat exchanged during a phase shift.

For vaporization, it is the quantity of heat needed to convert 1 g of water to 1 g of water vapor.

Given,

Mass of water = 1.55 kg

ΔH = 40.7kJ/mol

moles of water = mass ÷ molar mass

= 1550g ÷ 18

= 86.11 moles

Amount of heat required = nΔH

                                       = 86.11 × 40.7

                                        = 3504.67kJ = 3.50 × 10³ kJ

Thus, the correct option is option A.

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The elements are the present in this mixture is the A and D. The correct option is 1.

The bright line spectrum that is produced by the four elements with the are in the below picture. The bright line spectrum is the spectrum when created is when the beam of the light passes through the sample that is analyte sample that is some of the wavelengths of the light that are absorbed through the atoms with the sample. Thus, the electrons in the atoms will get to the excited state.

Therefore, the bright line spectrum of the mixture formed by the two elements are A and the D. The option 1 is correct.

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The maximum amount of strong base that can be added to the buffer without significantly changing the pH is 0.35 mol.

What is Sodium Carbonate?

Sodium carbonate ([tex]Na_{2}[/tex][tex]CO_{3}[/tex]) is a white, odorless powder that is commonly used in various applications such as in the manufacture of glass, soaps and detergents, water softening, and as a food additive. It is an ionic compound made up of sodium cations (Na+) and carbonate anions ([tex]CO_{3}[/tex] 2-). It is also known as washing soda, soda ash, or sal soda.

Number of moles of NaH[tex]CO_{3}[/tex] = 0.35 mol

To calculate the initial pH of the buffer, we need to use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

where pKa is the acid dissociation constant of the weak acid in the buffer (in this case, carbonic acid, [tex]H_{2}[/tex][tex]CO_{3}[/tex]), [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base (in this case, bicarbonate ion, H[tex]CO_{3}[/tex]-), and [HA] is the concentration of the weak acid (in this case, carbonic acid, [tex]H_{2}[/tex][tex]CO_{3}[/tex]).

The pKa of carbonic acid is 6.35, and the concentrations of H[tex]CO_{3}[/tex]- and [tex]H_{2}[/tex][tex]CO_{3}[/tex] can be calculated using the initial amounts of NaH[tex]CO_{3}[/tex]  and Na2[tex]CO_{3}[/tex]and the stoichiometry of the reaction:

[H[tex]CO_{3}[/tex]-] = [NaH[tex]CO_{3}[/tex]] = 0.35 mol / (0.35 mol + 0.50 mol) = 0.411 M

[[tex]CO_{2}[/tex] = [[tex]H_{2}[/tex][tex]CO_{3}[/tex]] = [NaH[tex]CO_{3}[/tex]] - [H[tex]CO_{3}[/tex]-] = 0.35 M - 0.411 M = -0.061 M

(Note: The negative concentration of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] is due to the fact that it is in equilibrium with dissolved carbon dioxide gas, which can escape from the solution.)

Plugging these values into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, we get:

pH = 6.35 + log(0.411 / (-0.061))

pH = 9.17

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The statement about mentioned reaction saying the change in entropy is negative is true.

Entropy refers to the disorder or randomness of the system. The concept is related to thermodynamics and finds applications in understanding the properties, existence and movement of gases.

The change in number of moles of reaction can help in finding the change in entropy. The mentioned reaction proceeds with decrease in number of moles, thus entropy is negative. As we see, the Left Hand Side have total of three moles of reactants while products are only two moles.

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In a mixture, the various components present are not chemically bonded together like a salt. In a salt, the cation and anion are joined together by an ionic bond, making it relatively easy to identify them.

In a mixture, the components can be chemically bonded, such as in an alloy, or they can be held together by other forces, such as physical adhesion or electrostatic attraction. It is often difficult to determine the exact composition of a mixture because the components may be insoluble or may have similar physical and chemical properties.

Furthermore, the components may be present in a wide range of concentrations, making it difficult to determine the exact ratio of each component present. Therefore, it is typically more difficult to identify all of the components of a mixture than it is to identify the cation and anion that make up a salt.

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Drugs are scheduled by the DEA based on their potential for abuse, medical use, and safety.

The DEA schedules drugs into five categories or schedules. Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use, while Schedule V drugs have a lower potential for abuse and accepted medical uses. The scheduling of drugs is based on a complex set of factors, including the drug's pharmacological properties, its potential for addiction, and the risk of harm to the user and society.

The scheduling of drugs by the DEA has a significant impact on how they are regulated and controlled. Drugs that are scheduled as Schedule I are illegal to possess, manufacture, or distribute, while drugs that are scheduled as Schedule II-V require a prescription and are subject to strict regulations regarding their production, distribution, and dispensing. Understanding the DEA's scheduling system is important for healthcare providers, law enforcement officials, and others who work with drugs to ensure that they are using and prescribing them appropriately and safely.

In conclusion, drugs are scheduled by the DEA based on their potential for abuse, medical use, and safety. The scheduling of drugs has a significant impact on how they are regulated and controlled, and it is important for healthcare providers and others who work with drugs to understand the DEA's scheduling system to ensure that they are using and prescribing drugs appropriately and safely.

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After the spectator ions are eliminated, the species should be used when we balancing the equation for the redox reaction is H₂O (l), CO₂, Mn²⁺(aq), MnO₄⁻ (aq), C₂O₄²⁻, H⁺.

The chemical equation is as :

KMnO₄ (aq) + Na₂C₂O₄ (aq) + H₂SO₄ (aq) → MnSO₄ (aq) + K₂SO₄ (aq) + Na₂SO₄ (aq) + CO₂ (g)+ H₂O (l)

For the oxidation-reduction reactions that is the redox reaction in the acidic conditions, after the balancing the atoms and the oxidation numbers, the one will then need to add the H⁺ ions and to balance the hydrogen ions that is in the half reaction.

The spectators ions are the ions that do not participate in the chemical reactions and it will present the same that is on the both sides of the reactions.

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This question is incomplete, the complete question is :

After spectator ions are eliminated, which of the listed species should be used when balancing the equation for the following redox reaction? Select all that apply.KMnO4 (aq) + Na2C2O4 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → MnSO4 (aq) + K2SO4 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g)+ H2O (l).

H₂O (l), CO₂, Mn²⁺(aq), MnO₄⁻ (aq), C₂O₄²⁻, H⁺.

The kilograms of the nickel  be added to the 5.66 kg of the copper to yield the liquidus temperature of 1200 °C is 2.42 kg.

The  liquidus temperature = 1200 °C

The mass of the copper = 5.66 kg

The mass of the nickel = (mass of the copper) × (% of the nickel needed - % of nickel in the copper) / (% of nickel in the nickel - % of nickel in copper)

The mass of the nickel = (5.66 kg) × (30% - 0%) / (30% - 100%)

The mass of the nickel = (5.66 kg) × (0.3) / (-0.7)

The mass of the nickel = 2.42 kg

Thus, the mass of the nickel is 2.42 kg.

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The total number of functional groups present in the glyceraldehyde molecule is 2, which includes the aldehyde group and two hydroxyl groups. The correct option is D.

The given molecule, glyceraldehyde, has three carbon atoms and one aldehyde functional group (-CHO) attached to the terminal carbon. The other two carbon atoms have hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to them.

Functional groups are groups of atoms that give a molecule its characteristic chemical properties and reactivity.

They are responsible for the formation of various biomolecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. In the case of carbohydrates, functional groups include aldehydes, ketones, and hydroxyl groups.

Glyceraldehyde is a simple sugar that serves as the backbone for more complex carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose.

Understanding the functional groups present in glyceraldehyde is crucial for understanding its reactivity and the reactions it undergoes in biological systems.

In conclusion, the molecule glyceraldehyde contains two functional groups: one aldehyde and two hydroxyl groups.

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Rotary evaporation is preferred over other methods due to its efficiency, safety, and reduced exposure to toxic fumes.

There are two main reasons why rotary evaporation is preferred over other methods of evaporation.

Firstly, rotary evaporation is a much more efficient method of evaporation compared to other methods. This is because it is a continuous process that allows for the removal of large volumes of solvent in a shorter period of time, resulting in faster and more efficient evaporation.

Secondly, rotary evaporation is also a safer method of evaporation as it is performed under reduced pressure, which reduces the boiling point of the solvent, resulting in a lower risk of overheating and potential hazards.

Additionally, the use of a vacuum pump during rotary evaporation also reduces the risk of exposure to toxic fumes and vapors that may be generated during the evaporation process.

Therefore, due to its efficiency, safety, and reduced exposure to toxic fumes, rotary evaporation is preferred over other methods.

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The expression for the solubility product constant are

a) Ksp = [Ca²⁺][F⁻]² b) Ksp = [Ag⁺]²[SO₄²⁻]

To write the expression for the solubility product constant (Ksp) for a) Calcium fluoride (CaF2) and b) Silver sulfate (Ag2SO4), you'll need to consider the balanced chemical equations for the dissolution of these compounds in water.

a) For Calcium fluoride (CaF2):
CaF2 (s) ⇌ Ca²⁺ (aq) + 2F⁻ (aq)
The solubility product constant expression for Calcium fluoride is:
Ksp = [Ca²⁺][F⁻]²

b) For Silver sulfate (Ag2SO4):
Ag2SO4 (s) ⇌ 2Ag⁺ (aq) + SO₄²⁻ (aq)
The solubility product constant expression for Silver sulfate is:
Ksp = [Ag⁺]²[SO₄²⁻]

In these expressions, the brackets denote the molar concentrations of the ions at equilibrium, and the exponents correspond to their stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.

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a) Excess concentrated hydrochloric acid should be neutralized with a solution of sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate before being disposed of down the sink with plenty of water.
b) Excess NaOH solution should be neutralized with a solution of hydrochloric acid before being disposed of down the sink with plenty of water.
c) Unused benzoic acid can be stored in a labeled container for future use or disposed of in a chemical waste container following proper waste disposal guidelines.
d) A chipped beaker should be disposed of in a designated broken glass container.

At the end of the experimentation, you should dispose of the following items as follows:

a) Excess concentrated hydrochloric acid: Dilute the concentrated hydrochloric acid with plenty of water, then neutralize it using a suitable base like sodium bicarbonate. Once the solution is neutralized, follow your local regulations or guidelines for disposing of aqueous acidic solutions.

b) Excess NaOH solution: Neutralize the sodium hydroxide solution with a suitable acid like hydrochloric acid. Make sure to slowly add the acid to the base until it is neutralized. Then, dispose of the neutralized solution according to your local regulations or guidelines for disposing of aqueous basic solutions.

c) Unused benzoic acid: Collect the unused benzoic acid and store it in a suitable container. Dispose of it according to local regulations for disposing of solid chemical waste.

d) Chipped beaker: For a chipped beaker, first make sure it is thoroughly cleaned and free of any chemical residues. Then, dispose of it in a designated broken glass container or according to your local regulations for disposing of broken laboratory glassware.

Remember to always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and follow safety protocols when handling chemicals and disposing of waste materials.

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The new pressure inside the container is 100 atm.

We can make use of Boyle's Law, which states that at constant temperature, a gas's pressure is inversely proportionate to its volume. This can be written mathematically as:

[tex]P^1V^1 = P^2V^2[/tex]

Where

Using this formula, we can calculate the final pressure as:

[tex]P^1V^1=P^2V^2[/tex]

Where

When these values are plugged in, we obtain [tex]P2 = (30 atm * 10.0 L) / 3.00 L[/tex] = 100 atm.

Therefore, the new pressure inside the container is 100 atm.

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The concentration of the solution with an absorbance of 0.374 is 0.265 M.

According to Beer's law, the absorbance of a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing species and the pathlength of the cell:

A = εbc

where A is the absorbance, ε is the molar absorptivity (a constant for a given substance at a specific wavelength), b is the path length of the cell in centimeters, and c is the concentration of the solution in moles per liter.

We can rearrange this equation to solve for the concentration of the solution:

c = A / (εb)

We are given that a 0.336 M solution of CO2 has an absorbance of 0.473 at a given wavelength and a 1.00 cm path length cell.

Therefore, we can calculate the molar absorptivity of CO2 at this wavelength:

ε = A / (bc) = 0.473 / (0.336 M x 1.00 cm) = 1.409 M^-1 cm^-1

Now we can use this value of ε and the absorbance value of 0.374 to calculate the concentration of the solution:

c = A / (εb) = 0.374 / (1.409 M^-1 cm^-1 x 1.00 cm) = 0.265 M

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Rhodium crystalizes in a face centered cubic unit cell having a density of 12.36 g/cm³ and the correct option is option B.

The Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) unit cell can be imagined as a cube with an atom on each corner, and an atom on each face.

It is one of the most common structures for metals. FCC has 4 atoms per unit cell.

Given,

Radius = 135 pm

edge length = 2√2r

                     = 2√2 × 135 × 10⁻¹⁰

                         = 3.81 × 10⁻⁸

             density = (4 M) ÷ (a³ × N)

where,

M = atomic mass

N = Avogadro's number = 6.023 × 10²³

                    d = (4 × 103) ÷ ( 3.81 × 10⁻⁸)³ × 6.023 × 10²³

                                  d = 12.36 g/cm³

Thus, the ideal selection is option B.

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The thermal mass of refrigerator B, is greater than that of refrigerator A. Because water has a high heat capacity and may absorb more heat energy before its temperature rises noticeably, it takes longer for the temperature within refrigerator B to change.

Faster than refrigerator B, refrigerator A reaches the desired temperature. On the other hand, Refrigerator B takes longer to achieve the desired temperature. Because of this, the compressor on it keeps running longer. The temperature inside both freezers rose the following day as a result of heat uptake from the surroundings. The compressor of refrigerator B, however, cycles on and off less frequently than the compressor of refrigerator A because of the thermal mass of the latter.

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The concentration of the new solution after adding water to the solution until it reaches 1 L, is 0.1701 M.

A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more compounds in chemistry. The substance that is present in the largest amount is called the solvent, and the substances that are dissolved in the solvent are called solutes. The solutes can be solids, liquids, or gases, and they can be in different physical states from the solvent.

When we add water to a solution, the amount of solute (in moles) remains the same, but the volume of the solution increases. Consequently, the following formula can be used to determine the new concentration of the solution:

C1V1 = C2V2

where C1 and V1 represent the solution's starting concentration and volume, and C2 and V2 represent the solution's final concentration and volume.

Substituting the values we know, we get:

(0.27 M)(630 mL) = C2(1000 mL)

Solving for C2, we get:

C2 = (0.27 M)(630 mL) / (1000 mL) = 0.1701 M

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The chemical reaction in which lithium hydroxide and hydrogen is an example of a single replacement reaction.

A single replacement reaction, also goes by the name "single displacement reaction" and it is a type of a reaction wherein one element in a compound is swapped with another element. For example:

AC + B → A + BC

Because of the production of a new bond in the products, single replacement reactions are often exothermic. This means that single-replacement reactions generate energy rather than consuming it (as in endothermic reactions).

   Only when the more reactive element replaces the less reactive element can single-replacement reactions occur.

The reactivity of the metals can be obtained from the table of activity series of metals.

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The bonding that occurs between the atoms of a P4O10 molecule is covalent bonding. The correct option is a. This type of bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms.

In the case of P4O10, each phosphorous atom shares electrons with two oxygen atoms to form a double bond, resulting in a tetrahedral shape with four phosphorous atoms and ten oxygen atoms.

Covalent bonding is a common type of bonding in organic compounds, as it allows atoms to share electrons and form stable molecules. In the case of P4O10, the covalent bonding allows for the molecule to act as a dehydrating agent, meaning it can remove water molecules from other compounds in organic synthesis reactions.

Overall, the covalent bonding in P4O10 is essential for its function as a dehydrating agent in organic synthesis reactions and demonstrates the importance of understanding different types of chemical bonding in order to manipulate and control chemical reactions.

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Answer:  1. 0.120 mol NaCl

Explanation: 1. Solution: n = 0.300 L soln × (0.400 mol NaCl/1 L soln) = 0.120 mol NaCl

Explanation:

To determine the number of molecules of hydrochloric acid (HCl) needed to produce 1.50 liters of hydrogen gas (H2) in the given reaction, we need to first convert the volume of hydrogen gas to the number of moles using the ideal gas law, and then use the balanced chemical equation to determine the stoichiometry between HCl and H2.

Step 1: Convert liters of hydrogen gas to moles using the ideal gas law.

The ideal gas law is given by:

PV = nRT

where:

P = pressure of the gas

V = volume of the gas

n = number of moles of the gas

R = ideal gas constant

T = temperature of the gas

Since the pressure, temperature, and ideal gas constant are not provided in the question, we cannot perform this conversion without this information.

Step 2: Use the balanced chemical equation to determine the stoichiometry between HCl and H2.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and zinc (Zn) is:

2 HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2

From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 2 moles of HCl are required to produce 1 mole of H2.

Step 3: Multiply the stoichiometric ratio between HCl and H2 by the number of moles of H2 calculated in step 1 to find the number of moles of HCl needed.

Since we cannot perform step 1 without the necessary information, we cannot accurately determine the number of molecules of hydrochloric acid needed to produce 1.50 liters of hydrogen gas. We would need to know the pressure, temperature, and ideal gas constant in order to perform the conversion from liters to moles and determine the required amount of HCl

The unknown solution could be a variety of basic substances, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or calcium hydroxide, among others. Further testing and analysis would be needed to determine the exact nature of the unknown solution.

What is Solution?

In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. The substance present in the largest amount is called the solvent, while the other substances present in smaller amounts are called solutes. The solutes are dissolved in the solvent to form a homogeneous mixture.

When an acid and a base are combined, they can undergo a neutralization reaction that results in the formation of a salt and water. If the acid is added to a basic solution, the resulting mixture will typically have a pH that is closer to neutral than either the acid or the base on their own.

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The maximum amount of potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) that can be dissolved in 100 g of water at 60°C is 110 g.

K₂SO₄ or potassium sulphate has been around since the beginning of the 14th century. Glauber, Boyle, and Tachenius all investigated it. Because it combined an acid salt with an alkaline salt, it was known as arcanuni or sal duplicatum in the 17th century. In honour of the pharmaceutical scientist Christopher Glaser who created it and used it medicinally, it was also known as vitriolic tartar and Glaser's salt, also known as sal polychrestum Glaseri.

The solubility of potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) in water depends on temperature. According to the solubility data, at 60°C, the solubility of potassium sulfate in water is approximately 110 g/100 g of water.

This means that at 60°C, 100 g of water can dissolve up to 110 g of potassium sulfate.

So, the maximum amount of potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) that can be dissolved in 100 g of water at 60°C would be 110 g.

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8 moles of water require 128 grams of oxygen to react.

Moles (mol) is a unit of measurement used in chemistry to represent specific number of particles like atoms, molecules or ions.

Chemical formula for water is H2O, which means that each molecule of water contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. Therefore, to produce 8 moles of water, we need 8 moles of oxygen atoms.

Molar mass of oxygen is 16 g/mol, so to find the mass of 8 moles of oxygen, we use the following calculation: mass = moles × molar mass

mass = 8 mol × 16 g/mol

mass = 128 g

Therefore, 8 moles of water require 128 grams of oxygen to react.

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The most abundant nonanthropogenic greenhouse gas is (A) H2O, also known as water vapor. While (B) CO2, (C) CH4, (D) O3, and (E) CCl2F2 are all greenhouse gases, water vapor is the most abundant and naturally occurring greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere.

The most abundant greenhouse gas overall, water vapor differs from other greenhouse gases in that changes in its atmospheric concentrations are linked not to human activities directly, but rather to the warming that results from the other greenhouse gases we emit. Warmer air holds more water.

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Given the following reactions

N₂ (g) + O₂ (g) → 2NO (g) ΔH = +180.7 kJ

2NO (g) + O₂ (g) → 2NO₂ (g) ΔH = -113.1 kJ

the enthalpy of reaction for 4NO (g) → 2NO₂ (g) + N₂ (g) is _135.2_ kJ.

Multiplying the first equation by 2 to match the number of moles of NO in the desired equation, we get:

2N₂(g) + 2O₂(g) → 4NO(g) ΔH = +361.4 kJ

Adding this to twice the second equation, we get:

2N₂(g) + 4O₂(g) → 2NO₂(g) + 4NO(g) ΔH = +135.2 kJ

Finally, cancelling out the common intermediate 2NO from both sides of the equation, we get:

4NO(g) → 2NO₂(g) + N₂(g) ΔH = -135.2 kJ

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The pH paper's altered colour shows that the pH of the unidentified solution has also changed. The margins of the paper are coloured green, which means that the pH of the solution is greater.

You can determine if a solution is acidic or basic using red and blue test strips or litmus paper, but they cannot determine how potent the solution is. On a universal indicator, each pH value is represented by a different hue. When neutral solutions are applied, the paper becomes green.

Take off the litmus paper as soon as you have dipped one end of it into the solution. Check the colour of the blue litmus paper that was in touch with the solution on the affected area. If the solution becomes red, it is acidic.

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After fermentation in the human cells, the lactate is converted to the pyruvate in the muscles.

The Lactic acid that is produced in the muscle cells that is transported through out the bloodstream and to the liver, and this is then converted back to the pyruvate and this is processed normally for the remaining reactions of the cellular respiration.

The Muscle cells are the commonly called as the myocytes. The cells in together will form the muscle tissue. Therefore, the Muscle cells that will convert the pyruvate to the lactate in the environment becomes anaerobic. The reaction will occurs when the oxygen is insufficient in the muscle.

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