Consider that you have a code of 200,000 instructions which is executed using a 16 stages pipeline. It is expected that 20% of the instructions will cause an exception. In order to handle the exception, there is an exception handler which is using 20 cycles to execute (includes the flushing and reloading and the actual handling of the exception). The pipeline frequency is 2 GHz
i) How many cycles does it take to execute the code?
ii) What is the average CPI for this code?
iii) How long does it take to execute the code?
Answer:
i) The total number of cycles required to execute the code can be calculated as follows:
Total number of instructions = 200,000
Number of instructions causing exceptions = 20% of 200,000 = 40,000
Number of instructions without exceptions = 200,000 - 40,000 = 160,000
Cycles required for instructions without exceptions = 160,000 x 16 = 2,560,000
Cycles required for instructions causing exceptions = 40,000 x (16 + 20) = 1,440,000
Total number of cycles required = 2,560,000 + 1,440,000 = 4,000,000 cycles
ii) The average CPI (Cycles Per Instruction) can be calculated as follows:
Total number of cycles required = 4,000,000 cycles
Total number of instructions executed = 200,000 instructions
Average CPI = Total number of cycles required / Total number of instructions executed
= 4,000,000 / 200,000
= 20 cycles per instruction
iii) The time required to execute the code can be calculated as follows:
Total number of cycles required = 4,000,000 cycles
Pipeline frequency = 2 GHz
Time required to execute the code = Total number of cycles required / Pipeline frequency
= 4,000,000 / 2,000,000,000
= 2 milliseconds
To execute the code using a 16-stage pipeline, each instruction will take 16 cycles. Therefore, the total number of cycles required to execute 200,000 instructions is: 3,200,000 cycles.
What is CPI?CPI stands for Cycles Per Instruction. It is a metric used to measure the efficiency of a computer's instruction processing. The lower the CPI, the more efficiently the computer is processing instructions.
Each instruction will take 16 cycles to execute using a 16-stage pipeline. As a result, the total number of cycles required to execute 200,000 instructions is as follows:
200,000 times 16 = 3,200,000 cycles
The percentage of instructions causing an exception is 20%, so the average CPI can be calculated as:
Average CPI = (Ideal CPI x Percentage of Instructions without Exceptions) + (Cycles per Exception x Percentage of Instructions with Exceptions)
Average CPI = (1 x 0.8) + (20 x 0.2)
Average CPI = 4.4 cycles per instruction
The length of time it takes to execute the code can be calculated using the following formula:
Execution Time = (Number of Cycles x Cycle Time)
Since the pipeline frequency is 2 GHz, the cycle time is:
Cycle Time = 1 / 2 GHz = 0.5 ns
Therefore, the execution time is:
Execution Time = (3,200,000 + (0.2 x 200,000 x 20)) x 0.5 ns
Execution Time = 1,640,000 ns
Thus, it takes 1,640,000 nanoseconds to execute the code.
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1. What would be the best explanation of the variable name 'int indexSize'?
a. Shows the number in the index is big
b. Holds the number in the last index spot
c. Holds the number in the first index spot
d. Holds the number of indexes in the array
1The option that would be the best explanation of the variable name 'int indexSize' is option d. Holds the number of indexes in the array
What is the variable about?The variable name 'int indexSize' is one that tells that it have the number of indexes in an array.
Note that The use of the term "indexSize" is one that tells that it stand for the size or the amount of the indexes in the array, and thus it is one that is telling the total number of indexes as well as the elements that is seen in the array.
Therefore, It is common work in programming to be able to make use of variable names that are said to be descriptive.
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
Lucy wants to add some notes in her research paper that provide additional information to the reader. She also wants to display her university logo on all the pages as part of the title. What formatting can she apply to her document to include these details?
Lucy can display her notes in the form of a . She can indicate the logo as part of the .
Lucy can display her notes in the form of a footnote or endnote
She can indicate the logo as part of the header or footer section.
What is a Footnote?This refers to the bottom of a page is where footnotes are located. They provide references or offer commentary on a specific passage of material above it. Say, for instance, that you want to add a thought to a sentence you have written, but the thought has nothing to do with the thesis of your paragraph.
Hence, it can be seen that for Lucy to accurately add her notes, she has to add them as a footnote or end note and would be placed in the header or footer section for her logo.
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