The defense of constructive eviction may excuse a tenant's obligation to pay rent if the landlord has breached a material obligation under the lease, rendering the premises uninhabitable.
In this case, T is asserting that L failed to control excessive noise made by neighboring tenants obligation , making the premises unlivable, and resulting in constructive eviction.
The success of this defense will depend on whether the noise was truly excessive and whether L had an obligation to control it under the constructive lease.
If the court finds that the noise was excessive and that L had an obligation to control it under the lease constructive, then T may be excused from paying rent for the remainder of the lease term.
However, if the court finds that the noise was not excessive or that L did not have an obligation to control it under the lease, then T will be liable for the unpaid rent.
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____ are powers, privileges, or interests that belong to a person by law, nature, or tradition.DutiesFreedomsRights
Rights are powers, privileges, or interests that belong to a person by law, nature, or tradition. The correct option is c.
Rights are generally considered to be inherent and inalienable, meaning that they cannot be taken away or surrendered by the person who holds them. Rights are an important concept in political and legal philosophy and are often seen as the foundation of individual autonomy and dignity.
Examples of rights include the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; the right to free speech and expression; the right to a fair trial; and the right to own property.
These rights are typically protected by constitutions, laws, and other legal and social institutions, and are considered essential to the well-being and dignity of individuals and societies. Therefore, the correct option is c.
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how does judicial influence over policing sentencing policy means they're more assertive
Judicial influence over policing and sentencing policy means that judges have more power to shape how the law is applied in specific cases.
Judges are able to take a more assertive role in setting the standards of policing and sentencing, as they are the ones responsible for making decisions around these issues.
This makes them more directly involved in the criminal justice process, rather than relying solely on the police to decide how to proceed. By being more assertive in their decisions, judges can ensure that laws are applied fairly and justly.
This also gives them the power to set precedent for future cases, so that any similar situations will be handled in the same manner. This helps to ensure that laws are applied consistently, regardless of the circumstances or individuals involved.
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1) Skinner: Explain the differences between positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer and punishment. Give examples.
In the context of Skinner's operant conditioning theory, positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer, and punishment are all forms of consequence that can affect the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated in the future.
Positive reinforcer refers to a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated by adding a desirable stimulus. For example, suppose a student receives praise from their teacher for answering a question correctly. In that case, the positive reinforcement of the praise will likely increase the likelihood of the student answering questions correctly.
A negative reinforcer refers to a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated by removing an unpleasant stimulus. For example, suppose a student wears a jacket to avoid feeling cold. In that case, the negative reinforcement of removing the unpleasant stimulus of feeling cold will likely increase the likelihood of the student putting on a jacket in the future.
On the other hand, punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated by adding an unpleasant stimulus or removing a desirable one. For example, if a parent scolds a child for hitting their sibling, the punishment is intended to decrease the likelihood of the child hitting their sibling.
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The exception to the Statute of Frauds, which allows an oral contract for the transfer of land to be enforced, if the buyer has either paid for the land or taken possession of the land is called the ________ exception.
a. Parol evidence
b. Equal dignity
c. Promissory estoppel
d. Part performance
e. Novation
The exception to the Statute of Frauds, which allows an oral contract for the transfer of land to be enforced, if the buyer has either paid for the land or taken possession of the land is called the Part performance exception. The correct option is d.
The part performance doctrine is a important rejection from the Statute of Frauds' application to agreements involving the sale of real estate. When an oral contract for the sale of land has been partially performed, the part performance exception applies.
Performance in part is When a person agrees to transfer any movable property for money in writing that is either signed by him or on his behalf and contains all the terms that must be agreed upon in order for the transfer to be valid. The correct option is d.
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What are the exception to the general rule that lay witnesses may not offer opinion testimony?
The general rule is that lay witnesses may not offer opinion testimony, meaning they may not express their opinions or beliefs about the facts of the case.
However, there are some exceptions to this rule, including:
Lay witnesses opinion on the person's emotional state: A lay witness may offer an opinion as to the emotional state of another person, based on the witness's observations of that person's behavior, demeanor, and appearance.
Lay witness opinion on identity: A lay witness may also offer an opinion as to the identity of a person, object, or location, based on the witness's personal knowledge or familiarity with the subject matter.
Expert testimony by a lay witness: A lay witness may also offer expert testimony on a subject that falls within the witness's personal experience or expertise.
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The law of torts reflects all EXCEPT:a. social valuesb. community standardsc. the way we deal with each other in the current environment d. the international perspective on liabilitye. none of the other choices
The answer is (d) - the law of torts does not necessarily reflect the international perspective on liability.
The law of torts is primarily concerned with civil wrongs that cause harm or injury to another person, and it is developed and applied by courts to reflect social values, community standards, and the way we deal with each other in the current environment.
Therefore, options (a), (b), and (c) are all accurate statements regarding the law of torts. However, option (d), the international perspective on liability, is not necessarily reflected in the law of torts, as liability standards and legal systems may vary widely between different countries and regions.
Therefore, the answer is (d) - the law of torts does not necessarily reflect the international perspective on liability
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How do prior appropriation rights differ from littoral and riparian rights?
Prior appropriation rights are rights to use a water source that are granted to the first person to make use of it.
These rights can only be acquired by diverting and using the water before anyone else. On the other hand, littoral and riparian rights are rights that are connected to land ownership.
Littoral rights are rights to use the body of water that the land borders, while riparian rights allow the owner to use the water that passes through the land.
These rights usually involve the right to access and use the water, but may also include fishing, navigation, and other activities. Prior appropriation rights can be held by any person, while littoral and riparian rights are only held by the owner of the land.
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If Sam points a gun at Harry, a stranger, and says "Prepare to die," but then does nothing, the tort possibly committed is:
A) Assault
B) Battery
C) Negligence
D) Invasion of Privacy
Answer:
A) Assault
oR
Negligence
TRUE/FALSE. Courts have increasingly set aside arbitration clauses involving small businesses or consumers.
TRUE, In recent years, there has been a growing trend among courts to set aside arbitration clauses that are included in contracts involving small businesses or consumers.
This is because such clauses are often seen as unfair to these groups, as they may not have the resources or bargaining power to negotiate more favorable terms. Additionally, arbitration proceedings can be costly and time-consuming, which may further disadvantage these groups.
As a result, many courts have been willing to invalidate arbitration clauses in such cases, allowing small businesses and consumers to pursue their claims through traditional legal channels.
However, it is important to note that this trend is not universal, and some courts may still enforce arbitration clauses in certain circumstances. Ultimately, the outcome will depend on the specific facts and circumstances of each case.
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Defenses to a negligent act include:a. assumption of the riskb. comparative negligencec. assumption of the risk and comparative negligence d. existence of proximate causee. none of the other choices
Defenses to a negligent act include both assumptions of the risk and comparative negligence. The correct answer choice (c). These defenses focus on the plaintiff's actions and their contribution to their own injury.
Assumption of the risk is a defense used in negligence cases where the plaintiff voluntarily and knowingly assumed the risks associated with the activity that led to their injury. This means that the plaintiff was aware of the potential dangers and chose to engage in the activity anyway.
If the defendant can prove that the plaintiff assumed the risk, then the defendant may not be held liable for the plaintiff's injuries. Comparative negligence is another defense in negligence cases. It is based on the idea that the plaintiff may have contributed to their own injury by acting negligently.
In cases involving comparative negligence, the plaintiff's damages will be reduced by the percentage of their own negligence. For example, if the plaintiff is found to be 30% at fault for their injury, their damages would be reduced by 30%. This defense allows for a more equitable distribution of damages based on the parties' respective levels of fault.
In summary, the defenses to a negligent act include both assumption of the risk and comparative negligence. These defenses focus on the plaintiff's actions and their contribution to their own injury.
By successfully proving one or both of these defenses, the defendant can either avoid liability or have the plaintiff's damages reduced accordingly.
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Explain why it is more important than ever to be able to independently research and comprehend news stories from multiple sources.
Answer:
Explanation:
In today's world, we are bombarded with news and information from various sources, and it can be challenging to distinguish between credible and fake news. Misinformation can spread rapidly, and without the ability to research and comprehend news stories from multiple sources, it can be challenging to form an accurate understanding of what is happening in the world. Being able to independently research news stories from multiple sources allows us to form informed opinions, make better decisions, and ultimately, become more responsible citizens. It also helps us to avoid falling prey to biased reporting and propaganda, which can be used to manipulate public opinion. With the rise of social media and other online platforms, it has become more critical than ever to be able to identify trustworthy sources and verify information before accepting it as fact. Therefore, being able to independently research and comprehend news stories from multiple sources is an essential skill that enables us to stay informed, make informed decisions, and participate meaningfully in society.
PLS MARK ME BRAINLIEST
why might judges being socially biast stop them from protecting civil liberties
Judges are human beings and may have social biases that stop them from protecting civil liberties. This bias can be based on their own beliefs, or the beliefs of their social and political circles.
For example, if a judge is a conservative, they may be biased against LGBTQ+ rights or the right to an abortion. Similarly, if a judge is of a certain social class, they may be more likely to view certain civil liberties as more important than others.
This bias can lead to a judge not taking into consideration the social implications of their decisions and choosing to protect certain civil liberties over others.
This can be detrimental to civil liberties, as some may be overlooked or completely disregarded due to a judge's personal beliefs. Therefore, it is important that judges remain impartial and consider all civil liberties equally when making decisions.
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T devises property "to A for life, and on A's death to A's children for their lives, and upon the death of A and A's children, to ["B if A has no grandchildren then living"]." A and B survive T. A has one child, X, who also survives T.
What effects the vesting of this interest?
The effects of the vesting of the interest will be B's contingent remainder is void. B's remainder would vest if there is no living grandchild of A at the death of the longest-lived of A's children. The interest would remain contingent for the lives of all of A's children; only then would we know whether A has surviving grandchildren.
A can affect vesting by having more children, A's children can affect vesting by having more of A's grandchildren, and the presently-living grandchildren can affect vesting by surviving B. None of these qualify as validating lives. A's children can conceivably outlive A by more than 21 years, and so A cannot be the validating life. A's children who were living at T''s death are not validating lives. Since A is alive, A might have a child after T's death.
This child might live more than 21 years after the deaths of those of A's children who were living at the time of T's death. The death of the survivor of A's children could therefore conceivably occur more than 21 years after the death of those of A's children who were living at the time of the conveyance.
Hence A's presently-living children are not validating lives. Nor are A's currently-living grandchildren validating lives. They could all die, another grandchild might be born, and, by surviving B, that grandchild's interest could vest more than 21 years after the deaths of all of the currently-living grandchildren.
Nor is B. B could die and pass B's interest to heirs or devisees who have not been born yet, and whose interest could vest long after B's death. Nor is there anyone else in existence at the time of the conveyance about whom you can say that the interest is guaranteed to vest or fail within their lives or within 21 years of their death. The interest therefore does not satisfy the Rule Against Perpetuities, and must therefore be stricken.
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If causal connection between a person's act and the resulting harm to another is broken by an intervening act or event, the act or event is called:a. proximate cause b. unforeseen cause c. superseding cause d. foreseeable causee. none of the other choices
If the causal connection between a person's act and the resulting harm to another is broken by an intervening act or event, the act or event is called c. superseding cause
In the context of legal causation, a superseding cause is an intervening act or occurrence that sever the link between a person's original action and the harm that results to another person. The first conduct is no longer regarded as the major source of the injury and is instead blamed for this subsequent act or incident.
It is an unanticipated or unexpected incident that happens after the original act and that the person who did the initial act could not have reasonably anticipated. The first act's causal relationship with the injury is superseded by this intervening occurrence, which releases the person who performed the initial act from responsibility for the harm.
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50. A state has 11 electoral votes. In a presidential election, the democratic candidate recieves 48 percent of that states popular vote, the Republican candidates receives 12 percent of the vote.
If the state is similar to most other states, how will the electoral votes most likely be allocated?
The electoral votes will most likely be allocated based on the winner-takes-all system, in a state with 11 electoral votes, where the Democratic candidate receives 48 percent of the popular vote, the Republican candidate receives 40 percent, and an independent candidate receives 12 percent,
In most states, the candidate with the highest percentage of the popular vote wins all of the state's electoral votes. In this scenario, the Democratic candidate has the highest percentage of the popular vote at 48 percent. Therefore, the Democratic candidate would most likely receive all 11 electoral votes from that state.
Here's a step-by-step explanation of the process:1. Determine the candidate with the highest percentage of the popular vote (Democratic candidate with 48 percent).
2. Based on the winner-takes-all system used in most states, allocate all of the state's electoral votes to the candidate with the highest percentage of the popular vote.
3. In this case, the Democratic candidate would receive all 11 electoral votes from the state.
This allocation method is used in 48 out of the 50 US states and the District of Columbia. The exceptions are Maine and Nebraska, which allocate their electoral votes using a proportional system.
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Complete Question:
A state has 11 electoral votes. In a presidential election, the Democratic candidate receives 48 percent of that state's popular vote, the Republican receives 40 percent of the vote, and an independent candidate receives 12 percent of the vote.
If the state is similar to most states, how will the electoral votes most likely be allocated?
5.One widespread effect of the mass media on presidential campaigns is that the mass media have
One widespread effect of the mass media on presidential campaigns is that it has shaped how campaigns are conducted and how candidates present themselves to the public.
The mass media, including television, newspapers, and social media, can reach a large audience quickly and can greatly influence public opinion. Presidential candidates use various forms of media to convey their messages, promote their agendas, and respond to criticism.
Additionally, media coverage can significantly impact a candidate's image and public perception, ultimately affecting their election chances. The media's role in presidential campaigns has also changed with the evolution of technology and the rise of social media platforms. The mass media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion, influencing political discourse, and ultimately, determining the outcome of presidential elections.
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What are the different personal protective equipment and state their function?
There are several types of PPE available, each with a specific function, such as respirators, gloves, eye and face protection, head protection, hearing protection, protective clothing. Personal protective equipment is specialized equipment designed to protect individuals from workplace hazards and injuries.
Respirators: Respirators are designed to protect workers from inhaling hazardous substances such as dust, smoke, fumes, and vapors.
Gloves: Gloves protect hands from cuts, punctures, abrasions, and exposure to chemicals, infectious agents, and other hazards.
Eye and Face Protection: Eye and face protection includes safety glasses, goggles, face shields, and helmets with visors. They protect workers from flying debris, splashes, and other hazards that can cause eye and facial injuries.
Head Protection: Hard hats and bump caps are designed to protect the head from falling objects, electrical hazards, and other impacts.
Hearing Protection: Earplugs and earmuffs are designed to protect workers from noise-induced hearing loss.
Protective Clothing: Protective clothing such as aprons, lab coats, and coveralls protect workers from exposure to chemicals, biological agents, and other hazards.
Overall, the selection of PPE depends on the specific hazards in the workplace, the task being performed, and the level of protection required. It is important for workers to use and maintain their PPE properly to ensure its effectiveness in protecting them from harm.
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T/F Civil plaintiffs have overall benefited by the replacement of Frye with Daubert/Kumho/Rule 702 in federal court.
Some argue that civil plaintiffs have not overall benefited from the replacement of Frye with Daubert/Kumho/Rule 702 in federal court, while others believe that the new standards have improved the quality of expert testimony and the reliability of scientific evidence.
One argument against the new standards is that they place a higher burden on plaintiffs to provide admissible expert testimony, which can make it more difficult for them to prove their case. Under the Frye standard, expert testimony was admissible if it was generally accepted in the relevant scientific community, while under the new standards, the testimony must meet a more rigorous test of reliability and relevance.
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TRUE/FALSE. If questions of fact are involved, a judge will usually decide the case based on the pleadings alone
FALSE, If questions of fact are involved, a judge will usually not decide the case based on the pleadings alone. Instead, the judge will allow both parties to present evidence and witnesses to support their claims before making a decision based on the facts presented in court.
This is because questions of fact require a determination of what actually occurred, and this cannot be done solely based on the allegations made in the pleadings. Therefore, a judge will require evidence and testimony to be presented before rendering a decision in cases involving questions of fact.
Pleadings are essential for setting the framework of the case, but they alone are insufficient for resolving questions of fact, as these require an examination of the evidence and testimony provided during the trial.
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In Lawler v. Montblanc North America, where Lawler, a store manager, was fired after telling her employer that she could not work more than 20 hours a week due to a medical condition, she sued for:a. libelb. emotional distress c. assaultd. battery e. slander
1. Few peasants became government workers because of high education costs
2. New class was formed- Mandarins, well-educated civil servants who controlled government
In many societies, high education costs have made it difficult for peasants to attain government positions.
Consequently, the civil service often comprised a class of individuals known as Mandarins. These were well-educated civil servants who held considerable power and control over the government.
The Mandarins often enjoyed significant privileges and were able to exert their influence over decision-making processes. Their education provided them with an advantage over others, and they were seen as the most capable individuals to handle government affairs.
This led to the creation of a new class system where the Mandarins held a prominent position, and their status was often inherited by their descendants.
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fight a Diablo, and cut someone on the face
T/F A woman leaving the scene of a robbery may be described by a witness as elegantly dressed in black.
A woman leaving the scene of a robbery may be described by a witness as elegantly dressed in black True
The Daubert decision of the United States Supreme Court, handed down in 1993, clarified the standard for admitting expert testimony in federal court cases. The decision set forth a new standard, which is now known as the Daubert standard, which emphasizes the importance of scientific validity and reliability in determining whether expert testimony should be admitted as evidence.
While the Daubert decision applies only to federal courts, many state courts have also adopted the Daubert standard, making the use of the Frye standard unconstitutional in those states. The Frye standard, which was the previous standard for admitting expert testimony, emphasized general acceptance within the scientific community.
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2. Locate two examples of programs used to promote the community policing philosophy from two different police departments in
Indiana (one program from each department).
Joe is angry at his neighbor Fred for allowing his dog to dig up Joe's flowers. In retaliation, Joe sets fire to Fred's wooden storage shed, which is located in Fred's backyard. Joe has committed the crime of arson instead of merely criminal mischief because the storage shed:
Joe has committed the crime of arson because he intentionally set fire to Fred's wooden storage shed.
Arson is a criminal offense that involves the willful and malicious burning of someone else's property. The key element that distinguishes arson from other crimes, such as criminal mischief or vandalism, is the intent to destroy or damage the property by fire.
In this case, Joe's actions of setting fire to Fred's wooden storage shed were intentional and malicious, and they resulted in the destruction of Fred's property.
The fact that the storage shed was made of wood is also relevant, as burning wooden structures can cause fires to spread quickly and can put people and other property in danger. Therefore, Joe's actions meet the definition of arson, which is a serious criminal offense that can result in significant penalties, including imprisonment.
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T/F: The syllabus clearly states that class rules will never change under any conditions.
False. The syllabus clearly states that class rules may be modified or amended from time to time as deemed appropriate by the instructor.
The instructor reserves the right to make changes to the syllabus and class rules whenever deemed necessary. This may be done in order to keep up with changes in the subject matter, or in the case of a disruptive student, the instructor may decide to modify the class rules to ensure that all students have a safe learning environment.
Furthermore, the instructor may change class rules in response to feedback from students. It is important to remember that the instructor is the final authority on all decisions regarding the syllabus and class rules. Therefore, while the syllabus may initially state that the class rules are not subject to change, this is not a guarantee that they will never be changed.
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John refuses to pay his bill due at a store. The store owner grabs John by the shirt, screams in his face and demands the money "or else." John is shaken but unhurt. John would most likely sue for the tort of:a. slander b. assault c. batteryd. negligence e. trespass
The most likely tort which John would file a claim for in this situation is "battery."
When someone knowingly and unlawfully makes offensive or damaging contact with another individual, it is called battery. In this instance, the business owner's conduct of grabbing John by the shirt would be considered unwelcome, insulting, and unlawful touch, making it a battery. The fact that the proprietor of the shop made unwanted physical contact with John, which is a crucial component of battery, does not change the fact that John was rattled but unharmed.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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Assault refers to a deliberate act that causes an individual to fear an imminent and harmful physical contact or offensive behavior.
In this case, the store owner's actions of grabbing John's shirt, screaming in his face, physical contact, and threatening him with harm unless he pays the bill could reasonably cause assault John to fear for his safety.
Although there was no physical contact, the store owner's actions constitute an assault because John felt threatened by the store owner's behavior. Therefore, John could sue the store owner for assault.
It's important to note that if the store owner had made physical contact with John, such as hitting him, then John could sue for battery instead of assault. Battery involves intentional and harmful physical contact without the victim's consent.
In summary, John can sue the store owner for assault because of the threatening physical contactand intimidating behavior that caused John to fear for his safety.
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TRUE/FALSE. Depositions are usually taken in the courtroom for purposes of discovery.
FALSE, Depositions are usually taken outside of the courtroom, in a lawyer's office or another neutral location.
They are taken as part of the discovery process in a legal case, where one party can ask questions of the other party or witnesses under oath.
Depositions can be used to gather information, assess witness credibility, or prepare for trial. While depositions can be used in court as evidence, they are not typically taken in the courtroom itself.
Depositions allow both parties to gather information, clarify facts, and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their cases before the trial begins. They are an essential part of the pre-trial process and help ensure a fair and efficient trial.
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how does the HRA mean that judges protect civil liberties
The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) was established to protect the rights of individuals against abuses of power by the state and other public authorities.
It outlines the fundamental rights and freedoms that everyone in the UK is entitled to, including the right to a fair trial, freedom of expression, and the right to private and family life. Judges play a key role in protecting civil liberties by ensuring that the rights outlined in the HRA are respected.
When a law appears to infringe on an individual’s fundamental rights, judges have the authority to interpret the law in order to protect those rights. In some cases, judges can even declare the law to be incompatible with the HRA and order the government to make changes. Ultimately, the HRA is a powerful tool for protecting civil liberties, and judges are a crucial part of making sure these rights are respected.
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why does pressure on the courts mean they cannot protect our liberties freely
Often when the courts experience pressure from outside sources, it can compromise their ability to protect our liberties freely.
Pressure from the government, other branches of government, public opinion, and other sources can force the courts to make decisions that are more politically or socially appealing than those that are based on laws and the Constitution.
This can lead to decisions that are either in line with the popular opinion of the day or those that are more palatable to the government, but that do not necessarily provide a secure foundation for the protection of our liberties.
This pressure can also lead to decisions that are more influenced by personal beliefs or interests than by an honest application of the law. When this happens, the courts are no longer able to protect our liberties with the objectivity and impartiality that they should.
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