The substance that provides lubrication and surface tension, and also assists in expansion and recoil, is called surfactant. Surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that are produced by specialized cells in the lungs called type II alveolar cells.
In the lungs, surfactant plays a crucial role in reducing surface tension at the air-liquid interface, which allows for the expansion of the alveoli during inhalation and prevents their collapse during exhalation. This is essential for efficient gas exchange, as it ensures that oxygen can diffuse across the thin membrane of the alveoli and into the bloodstream.
Additionally, surfactant acts as a lubricant within the lungs, reducing friction between the lung tissue and the chest wall during breathing movements. This helps to reduce the energy required for breathing and makes the process more efficient.
Overall, the production and function of surfactants are vital for maintaining proper lung function and preventing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants and other individuals with lung diseases.
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contains organs that intake food and break it down to enter the bloodstream or eliminate it via waste through the rectum and anus is know as___
Answer: The digestive system
Explanation:
The digestive system is a biological system in charge of turning food into essential nutrients that the body can absorb and use.
It starts in the mouth, where saliva is used to break down carbs chemically and mechanically. The food is then transported through the oesophagus to the stomach, where gastric fluids further digest it before sending it to the small intestine to absorb nutrients.
Before excreting waste by defecation, the large intestine takes water, electrolytes, and vitamins. Hormones and nerve signals that coordinate smooth muscle contractions throughout the digestive system control this complex mechanism.
This system's effective functioning is crucial to maintaining a person's general health and wellness since it allows their body to absorb and use important nutrients from food.
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All formulations with the same active ingredient carry the same signal word. T or F ?
All formulations with the same active ingredient carry the same signal word. The answer is False.
The signal word on a pesticide label indicates the product's level of acute toxicity and is based on the product's LD50 (the amount of product required to kill 50% of test animals). There are four signal words: Danger (highly toxic), Warning (moderately toxic), Caution (slightly toxic), and No signal word (minimum toxicity).
Different formulations of the same active ingredient can have different concentrations of the active ingredient or different inert ingredients, which can affect the product's toxicity and signal word. Therefore, formulations with the same active ingredient may not necessarily carry the same signal word.
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Where should you NOT palpate for a pt with pheochromocytoma? Why?
A pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of the adrenal gland that produces excessive amounts of catecholamines, leading to hypertension, tachycardia, sweating, and other symptoms
A pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of the adrenal gland that produces excessive amounts of catecholamines, leading to hypertension, tachycardia, sweating, and other symptoms. When examining a patient with suspected pheochromocytoma, it is important to avoid palpating the abdomen or flanks, as this can trigger a sudden release of catecholamines from the tumor, causing a sudden and dangerous increase in blood pressure. This is known as a "paroxysmal hypertensive crisis" and can be life-threatening. Therefore, palpation should be avoided in the abdomen and flanks, and the patient should be evaluated for signs of hypertension and other symptoms associated with pheochromocytoma.
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Describe 3 pieces of evidence that helped demonstrate DNA's properties. One sentence each.
Three pieces of evidence that helped demonstrate DNA's properties The Human Genome Project, Hershey-Chase experiment, Meselson-Stahl experiment.
1. First proven by Frederick Griffith in 1928, the transformation of non-virulent bacteria into virulent bacteria by heat-killed virulent bacteria showed that some hereditary material was being passed between the bacteria and suggested that DNA could be that material.
2. The Hershey-Chase experiment from 1952 demonstrated that only the DNA entered the host cell and was accountable for the transmission of genetic information. This experiment used radioactive isotopes to identify bacteriophages with either protein or DNA.
3. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins' early 1950s X-ray crystallography research, which showed the double helical structure of DNA and shed light on the pairing of nucleotide bases, the molecule's uniform diameter, and the position of the sugar-phosphate backbone.
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Who was the German psychologist who made the first attempts to scientifically study forgetting?
The German psychologist who made the first attempts to scientifically study forgetting was: Hermann Ebbinghaus.
In the late 19th century, Ebbinghaus conducted a series of experiments on himself to study the nature of human memory and forgetting. He used a list of nonsense syllables that were unfamiliar to him and tested his ability to recall them at various intervals.
Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate of forgetting was rapid immediately after learning, but that it slowed down over time. He also found that the amount of information retained was affected by the difficulty of the material, the amount of time spent learning it, and the amount of interference from other material.
Ebbinghaus's work laid the foundation for the scientific study of memory and forgetting, and his findings continue to influence research in the field today.
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In eukaryotes, the nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the:A) cell membrane. B) nuclear envelope. C) nucleolus. D) nucleoplasm. E) nucleosome.
Answer:
B. Nuclear envelope.
Explanation:
In eukaryotes, the nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
Is a hydrogen ion with its positive charge likely to be attracted to NAD+, FAD, or O2 without an input of free energy?
Without the addition of free energy, a positively charged hydrogen ion is likely to be attracted to O₂.
Electrostatic attraction occurs when positive charge hydrogen ions are attracted to negatively charged molecules or areas. O₂ has the highest electronegativity and thus the largest electrostatic attraction to a hydrogen ion of the three possibilities presented.
Although NAD+ and FAD participate in redox processes and electron transfer, they do not have a large charge imbalance that would attract a hydrogen ion. It is crucial to note, however, that the migration of a hydrogen ion towards O₂ is likely to be connected to other free energy-consuming events, such as the electron transport chain during oxidative phosphorylation.
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how does lechateliers principle apply to changing pressure and volume
According to Le Chatelier's Principle, a system in equilibrium will respond in a way that tends to counteract the stress and reestablish equilibrium when subjected to stress. Changes in strain and volume are normal pressure factors that can influence a framework in harmony.
Assuming the tension is expanded in a framework at harmony, the framework will answer by moving the balance position toward the path that lessens the number of moles of gas. This indicates that the equilibrium will shift in the opposite direction if the reaction results in an increase in the number of moles of gas and vice versa if the reaction results in a decrease.
Additionally, assuming the volume of the framework is diminished, the framework will answer by moving the balance position toward the path that decreases the number of moles of gas. This is due to the fact that decreasing the volume will cause the pressure to rise, and as a result, the system will shift its equilibrium position in the opposite direction decreasing the number of moles of gas.
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To which parts of the deoxyribose molecule do phosphates bind in DNA?A. I and V B. III and IVC. II and III D. III and V
Phosphates in DNA bind to both the (D) III and V carbons of the deoxyribose molecule, as they are attached to the 5' carbon of one deoxyribose and the 3' carbon of the adjacent deoxyribose, respectively.
DNA is composed of nucleotides, which are the basic building blocks of the DNA molecule. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a sugar molecule called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
In DNA, the phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon (C5) of the deoxyribose sugar, and the next nucleotide is attached to the 3' carbon (C3) of the deoxyribose sugar. This creates a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups in the DNA molecule.
Therefore, the correct option is D. III and V.
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WAD: Neural Injury- pts with chronic WAD demonstrated significantly less ____ and (higher/lower) VAS scores w/ the ULNT tests than the asymptomatic subjects
- These effects occurred (unilaterally/bilaterally)
Neural Injury with chronic WAD demonstrated significantly less force and higher VAS scores the ULNT tests than the asymptomatic subjects these effects occurred unilaterally.
A quick acceleration-deceleration force applied to the neck causes whiplash-associated disorder (WAD), which is frequently found in car accidents.
Neural damage, which can cause pain, numbness, tingling, and paralysis in the upper extremities, is one of the main symptoms of WAD. ULNT tests measure the mechanical sensitivity of the peripheral nerves in the upper limb to diagnose and evaluate the severity of neural damage.
Studies have revealed that compared to asymptomatic controls, patients with chronic WAD showed considerably reduced mobility and higher VAS ratings on the upper limb neural tension (ULNT) tests.
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Complete question
Neural Injury- pts with chronic WAD demonstrated significantly less _____ and______ (higher/lower) VAS scores the ULNT tests than the asymptomatic subjects These effects occurred __________(unilaterally/bilaterally).
Ticks are vectors for various diseases. The ticks acquire the disease-causing organisms frompolluted waterfeeding on host animalscontact with other tickstrees and plants in a forestgene changes as they go through metamorphosis
Ticks are vectors for various diseases. The ticks acquire the disease-causing organisms by feeding on host animals.
Ticks are parasitic arthropods that feed on the blood of mammals, birds, and reptiles. During the feeding process, ticks can acquire various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, from the host animal. Once infected, ticks can transmit these pathogens to subsequent host animals they feed on, making them potential vectors for the spread of disease.
Polluted water, contact with other ticks, and trees and plants in a forest are not direct sources of disease-causing organisms for ticks. However, ticks can encounter pathogens indirectly through these sources. For example, ticks may be exposed to pathogens present in polluted water if they inhabit areas near contaminated water sources.
Gene changes as ticks go through metamorphosis are not directly related to the acquisition or transmission of disease-causing organisms. However, gene changes can play a role in the tick's ability to survive and reproduce, which can indirectly affect the transmission of disease.
Overall, the ticks acquire the disease-causing organisms by feeding on host animals.
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How was the Burmese roofed tortoise saved from the brink of extinction?
Answer:
conservationists rediscovered Burmese Roofed Turtles in the wild in the early 2000s
Explanation:
The Turtle With the Permanent Smile is Back From the Brink of Extinction. Once considered extinct, conservationists rediscovered Burmese Roofed Turtles in the wild in the early 2000s and have since saved the species from extinction and raised over 1000 of the “smiling” turtles for release into Myanmar's rivers.
a number of passengers on a cruise ship from puerto rico to the panama canal have recently developed a gastrointestinal illness compatible with norovirus (formerly called norwalk-like virus). testing for norovirus is not readily available in any nearby island, and the test takes several days even where available. how would you display the time course of the outbreak?
You could display the time course of the outbreak by creating a graph that shows the number of affected passengers over time.
What is outbreak?An outbreak is a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease, when the number of cases goes above what is typically expected in a given area during a certain period of time. Outbreaks can occur in any population, but commonly occur in schools, nursing homes, refugee camps, and other areas where close contact with others makes it easier for the disease to spread. Outbreaks can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or other pathogens, and can spread through contact with an infected person, contaminated objects, or animals, or through the air. Outbreaks can be managed by careful monitoring of cases, contact tracing, risk communication, and other public health measures.
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Define "trophic structure" with regards to energy.
Trophic structure refers to the hierarchical organization of energy flow in an ecosystem, from producers (autotrophs) at the base of the food chain to primary consumers (herbivores) and then to higher-level consumers (carnivores or omnivores).
This energy flow is often depicted in food webs or food chains, which illustrate the transfer of energy and nutrients between different trophic levels. Trophic structure is an important concept in ecology, as it helps to explain the dynamics of energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.
The term "trophic structure" refers to the organization of a biological community based on the flow of energy through different levels, typically composed of producers, consumers, and decomposers. In this context, energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next as organisms consume one another.
To summarize, the trophic structure is the arrangement of organisms within an ecosystem based on their feeding relationships and the flow of energy from one level to another.
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Do experiments in terrestrial ecosystems indicate that nutrient availability or climate may affect NPP more?
Experiments in terrestrial ecosystems indicate that both nutrient availability and climate can affect NPP.
Nutrient availability is important for the growth of plants and their ability to capture and store energy from the sun. When there is an abundance of nutrients available, plants can grow faster, photosynthesize more efficiently, and ultimately produce more biomass.
Climate, on the other hand, can affect the amount of solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation that a given area receives, which can have a direct impact on the rate of photosynthesis and the ability of plants to take up nutrients.
In addition, climate can also affect the rate of decomposition of organic matter, which can influence how much carbon is stored in the soil. Thus, both nutrient availability and climate can have a major impact on NPP in terrestrial ecosystems.
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A fatty acid is comprised of a long hydrocarbon tail and a head consisting of
a. hydroxyl group
b. carboxyl group
c. phosphate group
d. amino group
A fatty acid is an organic acid that is made up of a long hydrocarbon tail and a head consisting of a carboxyl group.
Here, correct option is B.
The hydrocarbon tail is usually made up of between 12 and 22 carbon atoms that can be saturated or unsaturated and is usually single-bonded to hydrogen atoms. The carboxyl group at the head of the fatty acid consists of an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom, with the carbon atom being single-bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
This head group is what gives the fatty acid its acidity and makes it reactive. The carboxyl group is also what allows fatty acids to form a variety of compounds by reacting with other molecules. Fatty acids are found in all living cells and are essential components of cell membranes, as well as being used in energy storage and as hormones.
Therefore, correct option is B.
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Examine the two anaerobic processes in Model 3. Is oxygen used in either process?
Two of the anaerobic processes in Model 3 are alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. In neither process is oxygen used.
Yeast and some bacteria undergo alcoholic fermentation, in which glucose is transformed into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid fermentation happens when glucose has been transformed into lactic acid in muscle cells and certain microorganisms.
Both of these processes are anaerobic because they develop in the absence of oxygen. Neither alcoholic nor lactic acid fermentation makes use of oxygen. During alcoholic fermentation, yeast or bacteria turn glucose into ethanol plus carbon dioxide.
Lactic acid bacteria or muscle cells turn glucose into lactate during lactic acid fermentation. Both processes are usually anaerobic, meaning they take place in a deficiency of oxygen. The omission of CO.
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where is the egg swep into after ovulation?
After ovulation, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube, which is also known as the oviduct.
The fallopian tube is a long, narrow structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus. It is in the fallopian tube where fertilization takes place if sperm is present. The egg is transported through the fallopian tube by tiny hair-like structures called cilia, which line the inside of the tube.
The journey through the fallopian tube takes several days, during which time the egg may encounter sperm and become fertilized. If the egg is not fertilized, it will continue to travel down the fallopian tube and eventually reach the uterus. The uterus is where the egg will either implant and develop into a fetus or be shed during the menstrual cycle.
Overall, the journey of the egg from ovary to uterus is an essential process in the female reproductive system and is necessary for the continuation of the species.
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dietary glycogen: a. effectively produces an extra atp when its glucose goes through glycolysis. b. is broken down to glucose by a different group of enzymes than is dietary starch. c. is broken down to glucose 6-phosphate, which is then absorbed by intestinal cells. d. is broken down in the intestine to limit dextrins, which are then degraded to glucose.
Dietary glycogen is broken down to glucose 6-phosphate, which is then absorbed by intestinal cells. The right option is C.
Dietary glycogen is a form of carbohydrate that is found in animal-based foods such as meat, liver, and seafood.
It is different from dietary starch in that it is a highly branched molecule and is broken down by a different group of enzymes.
When consumed, dietary glycogen is broken down in the intestine into limit dextrins, which are then further degraded to glucose.
This glucose is then absorbed by intestinal cells and transported to the liver and muscles where it is stored as glycogen for later use.
During periods of exercise or other physical activity, this stored glycogen is broken down through a process called glycolysis to produce ATP, which is the primary source of energy for the body's cells.
Because glycogen is already in the form of glucose, it can be broken down more quickly than other forms of carbohydrates such as starch.
This means that dietary glycogen can effectively produce extra ATP when its glucose goes through glycolysis, making it an important source of energy for athletes and others who engage in high-intensity physical activity.
Therefore, the correct answer is C, is broken down to glucose 6-phosphate, which is then absorbed by intestinal cells.
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allows body to move, includes bones, joints, muscles, connective tissue is known as____
Allows body to move, includes bones, joints, muscles, connective tissue is known as musculoskeletal system
The bones are held together by ligaments. The ligament is a type of connective tissue. This is made up of yellow elastic fibre. It is connective tissue proper. The ligament is elastic in nature. Due to its elasticity, it provides flexibility to joints.
The musculoskeletal system includes bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and connective tissues. Our skeleton system provides a framework for our muscles and soft tissues. They support our body’s weight and helps us maintain our posture and move.
A wide range of disorders can lead to defects in the musculoskeletal system. Such as aging, injuries and birth defects . This can cause pain and may limit mobility.
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based on the results of the streaking method and previosuly inoculated plate, how can you tell that the colony was successfully isolated?
Based on the results of the streaking method and previously inoculated plate, you can tell that the colony was successfully isolated if:
1. You observe a clear progression of bacterial growth from the initial streaks to subsequent streaks, with the final streak producing well-separated colonies.
2. The isolated colonies on the plate appear uniform in shape, size, and color, indicating that they are likely derived from a single bacterial strain.
3. There is no evidence of contamination or growth of other bacterial strains within the isolated colony area.
4. The colony morphology matches the expected characteristics of the bacterial strain you intended to isolate, such as shape, elevation, and margin.
By observing these factors, you can confidently conclude that the streaking method was effective in isolating the desired bacterial colony.
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how much of the human body is composed by microbes? group of answer choices 10 percent 20 percent 90 percent 50 percent
Microbes composes approximately 50% of the human body.
It may surprise you to know that the human body is actually made up of more microbial cells than human cells! Recent estimates suggest that the average human body is composed of approximately 30 trillion human cells and 39 trillion microbial cells.
This means that microbes make up about 57% of the total number of cells in our bodies. However, when it comes to weight, human cells still outweigh microbial cells by about 3:1. In terms of overall mass, microbes make up about 1-3% of a person's body weight.
So, while microbes only make up a small percentage of our body's mass, they are incredibly important for maintaining our overall health and wellbeing.
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is pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) reversible or irreversible?
if the air ground and deer body temps are equal and at equilibrium, which is true
If the air temperature, ground temperature, and deer body temperature are all equal and at equilibrium, it means that there is no net heat transfer between these three components. The correct answer is A) The deer's body temperature will remain stable.
Heat transfer occurs when there is a difference in temperature between two objects, and the heat flows from the warmer object to the cooler object until they reach thermal equilibrium. In this case, since the air temperature, ground temperature, and deer body temperature are all equal, there would be no net heat transfer between them, and the deer's body temperature would remain stable.
Deer, like other mammals, are warm-blooded animals, meaning they can regulate their body temperature to maintain a stable internal environment regardless of external temperature changes.
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Complete Question
"If the air temperature, ground temperature, and deer body temperature are equal and at equilibrium, which of the following statements is true?" Here are some possible answers:
A) The deer's body temperature will remain stable.
B) The deer's body temperature will decrease.
C) The deer's body temperature will increase.
D) The deer's body temperature will fluctuate.
why are aphid stylets used when studying the flow rate of sap
The stylet starts to swell with phloem sap. The transit rate may then be calculated by looking for signs of the isotope in the droplet of phloem sap.
Aphids can be positioned at various points along the plant stem to demonstrate movement across a range of distances. Aphids have a projecting mouthpiece, or "stylet," that they use to puncture the plant's sieve tube and draw sap from it.
Digestive enzymes help the stylet enter the sieve tube by softening the tissue layers between them. Aphids use mouthparts known as stylets to pierce plant tissues and reach the phloem. Phloem will continue to flow out of the stylet if the aphid is anesthetized and the stylet is severed, allowing for the analysis of the sap flow rate.
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one of the causes of diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease. this is where the immune system will recognize and destroy insulin-producing cells. what cells in the pancreas are affected by this condition?
The cells that are affected in the pancreas in the case of autoimmune diabetes mellitus are the beta cells.
Beta cells are located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and are responsible for producing insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels in the body.
In autoimmune diabetes, the immune system mistakenly identifies the beta cells as foreign and attacks them, leading to the destruction of these cells.
As a result, the body is unable to produce enough insulin, leading to high levels of glucose in the blood, which can lead to a range of health problems.
This condition is known as type 1 diabetes. While the exact cause of autoimmune diabetes is unknown, it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors that trigger the immune system's attack on the beta cells.
Treatment for autoimmune diabetes typically involves insulin replacement therapy to regulate blood sugar levels.
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How do monosaccharides with 5 or 6 carbon atoms exist primarily in solutions?
Monosaccharides with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, such as glucose and fructose, exist primarily in solutions as cyclic structures.
In solution, monosaccharides exist in an equilibrium between the linear form and the cyclic form. The linear form has a carbonyl group (-C=O) and several hydroxyl (-OH) groups, while the cyclic form has a closed ring structure formed by a reaction between the carbonyl group and one of the hydroxyl groups.
In the case of monosaccharides with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, the cyclic form is more stable than the linear form. For example, in the case of glucose, the cyclic form is called a pyranose because it has a six-membered ring (similar to a pyran molecule), while in the case of fructose, the cyclic form is called a furanose because it has a five-membered ring (similar to a furan molecule).
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which of the following lymph organs is not matched with its function? which of the following lymph organs is not matched with its function? bone marrow: form lymphocytes lymph nodes: filter lymph peyer's patches: filter inspired air thymus: mature t cells spleen: remove red blood cells
Among the lymph organs you've listed, the one that is not matched correctly with its function is "Peyer's patches: filter inspired air."
Peyer's patches are actually aggregations of lymphoid tissue found in the ileum, the final section of the small intestine. Their primary function is to monitor and respond to antigens in the intestinal tract, thus playing a crucial role in the immune system.
The other organs listed have correct functions:
- Bone marrow is responsible for forming lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that is crucial for the immune response.
- Lymph nodes serve as filters for the lymph, helping to remove and destroy harmful substances such as pathogens or debris.
- The thymus is an essential organ for the maturation of T cells, a subset of lymphocytes that play a vital role in adaptive immunity.
- The spleen functions to remove old or damaged red blood cells and recycle their components, while also serving as a site for immune cell interactions and immune response initiation.
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what part of the small intestine does most absorption take place in?
This last segment is the longest piece of your small digestive tract. Before entering the large intestine, the majority of your food's nutrients are absorbed in the ileum.
The majority of the nutrients in your food are absorbed by the small intestine, where they are then transported by your circulatory system to other parts of your body for storage or use. Absorbed nutrients are guided through the intestinal lining and into your bloodstream by special cells.
The second section of the small intestine is called the jejunum. It is made up of a number of finger-like projections called villi and microvilli, which help the blood absorb food. Likewise, villi additionally increment the region. As a result, food is absorbed most efficiently here.
Three sections make up the small intestine: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It aids in the continued digestion of stomach-derived food. It ingests supplements (nutrients, minerals, starches, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be utilized by the body.
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Before entering the large intestine, the ileum is where the majority of the nutrients in your diet are absorbed.
Your small intestine's longest segment is found here.
A wide inner surface area of the small intestine makes it suitable for absorption. The plicae circulares, which sprout numerous microscopic tissue structures in the shape of fingers, or villi, are responsible for this formation.
Microvilli, which resemble finger projections, are also present on the surface of individual epithelial cells.
The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum make up the small intestine.
This aids in completing the stomach's first digestion of meals. It takes in water and nutrients from meals so that the body can use the vitamins, minerals, carbs, fats, and proteins.The last part of the intestine is the ileum.
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a scientist is studying the structure of an enzyme that synthesizes the molecule keratin in armadillos. they have dna samples of the gene in two armadillo species as well as samples of the enzyme itself. the dna samples differ quite a bit (i.e. there are quite a lot differences in the nucleotide sequence). however, the enzyme is almost exactly the same (in terms of amino acid sequence) in the two species. what do these results imply about the dn/ds ratio?
The results of this study imply that the DNA/DNA sequence ratio is relatively low in this enzyme.
This suggests that the enzyme is highly conserved between the two species, despite the fact that their DNA sequences differ quite a bit. This is likely the result of strong purifying selection, whereby the enzyme’s structure and function are preserved despite the introduction of mutations in the DNA sequence.
Put another way, the mutations in the DNA sequence are unlikely to affect the enzyme’s structure or function, and thus remain in the population. This suggests that the enzyme is highly conserved and under strong purifying selection in both species, which is reflected in the low DNA/DNA sequence ratio.
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