Based on the given information, The property escheats, or goes back to the state as Blackacre. A possesses a life estate.
The fraudulent properties in the form of land are given the placeholder name Blackacre. Professors of law in traditional countries use the titles, mainly in real estate law and sporadically in contract law. The given case signifies this attribute.
A possesses an estate for life. Due to his premature passing, B never receives his portion in fee simple. After A passed away, the property would have passed to B's heirs, but he has none.
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For a person's negligent conduct to be legally linked to its consequences, the chain of events connecting the two must be:a. unbrokenb. foreseeable c. explainable d. undisputablee. none of the other choices
For a person's negligent conduct to be legally linked to its consequences, the chain of events connecting the two must be foreseeable. In order to establish negligence, the following elements must be proven: duty of care, breach of that duty, causation, and damages.
Causation is a key element and can be divided into two components: actual causation and proximate causation. Actual causation is the "cause in fact" or "but for" test, which establishes whether the defendant's actions were the factual cause of the plaintiff's injuries.
Proximate causation, on the other hand, addresses the scope of liability by determining whether the defendant's conduct was sufficiently related to the plaintiff's injuries. Foreseeability is an essential aspect of proximate causation. It means that the defendant should have reasonably anticipated that their actions could cause harm to the plaintiff.
The chain of events must be unbroken and directly linked to the consequences. If an unforeseeable intervening cause occurs, breaking the chain of events, the defendant may not be held liable for the plaintiff's injuries.
In summary, to legally link a person's negligent conduct to its consequences, the chain of events connecting the two must be foreseeable, which helps establish proximate causation.
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how is the bias in the judges changing and meaning they protect our liberties better?
The bias in judges has been shifting over the years to better protect our liberties. Judges are increasingly recognizing that civil rights and liberties should be respected and protected.
They are taking a more active role in ensuring that individuals have access to justice and that their civil rights are respected. The courts are also taking a more active role in the interpretation of laws, balancing the interests of the state and individuals.
Judges are becoming more aware of the importance of civil rights and liberties, and are more likely to consider these issues when making decisions.
As a result, judges are more likely to interpret laws in ways that protect the rights of individuals and are more likely to recognize that certain rights should be protected. In this way, judges are helping to ensure that our liberties are respected and protected.
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TRUE/FALSE. Generally, the prevailing party in a lawsuit is awarded the costs of the action, including witness fees and jury fees.
TRUE, Generally, the prevailing party in a lawsuit is awarded the costs of the action, including witness fees and jury fees. The prevailing party is the party that wins the case, whether it is the plaintiff or the defendant.
The award of costs is intended to offset the expenses incurred by the prevailing party in bringing or defending the lawsuit. The amount of costs awarded may vary depending on the nature and complexity of the case, as well as the court rules and local practices.
In addition to witness fees and jury fees, the costs of the action may also include filing fees, service fees, deposition fees, transcript fees, and other reasonable expenses. However, the award of costs is not automatic and may be subject to court approval and review.
Moreover, the losing party may contest the award of costs and seek to reduce or eliminate it based on various grounds.
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What negative consequences can arise from the media using misleading or sensational headlines in order to attract consumers?
Answer:
Explanation:
Using misleading or sensational headlines can have several negative consequences, including:
Misinformation: Misleading headlines can lead to false or incomplete information being spread, which can cause confusion and misunderstanding among the public.
Loss of trust: Sensational headlines can make people sceptical of the media, and they may begin to distrust news sources altogether.
Polarization: Misleading headlines can contribute to political polarization by perpetuating stereotypes or misconceptions about certain groups or issues.
Clickbait culture: Overuse of sensational or misleading headlines can contribute to a culture of clickbait, where the goal is to attract clicks rather than provide accurate information.
Lack of focus on important issues: When news outlets prioritize sensational stories over important issues, it can lead to a lack of focus on critical topics that need attention.
Overall, the use of misleading or sensational headlines can undermine the credibility and integrity of the media, erode public trust, and lead to negative social and political consequences.
PLS MARK ME BRAINLIEST
Misleading or sensational media headlines can result in misinformation, erosion of trust in media, increased societal polarization, and the promotion of a clickbait culture, undermining responsible journalism and public discourse.
The media's reliance on misleading or sensational headlines can yield several detrimental consequences. Foremost is the spread of misinformation, as such headlines often distort facts and lead to public misunderstanding. Trust in media outlets can erode when sensationalism becomes routine, undermining the media's role in providing reliable information.
Sensational headlines can contribute to societal polarization by exploiting emotional biases and catering to specific demographics, further dividing communities. Moreover, a clickbait culture may emerge, prioritizing click-through rates over responsible journalism, and diminishing the overall quality of news and information. Consequently, such practices not only harm public discourse but also erode the media's credibility and societal cohesion.
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To have a case in tort, the injury sustained by a person must be:a. unreasonably sustainedb. the consequence of the wrongdoing of another c. criminal in natured. based on a privity relationship e. none of the other choices
To have a case in tort, the injury sustained by a person must be b. the consequence of the wrongdoing of another
A person must typically suffer suffering as a result of the misconduct or carelessness of another party in order to establish a case in tort, which is a civil wrong that harms someone. As a result, considerable harm must have been brought about by someone else's acts or inactions.
In such a case the victim that underwent harm must prove that the negligent person owed them a duty of care and that the violation of that duty led to the harm. The harm cannot simply be the result of pure accident or deliberate criminal behaviour; it must be the result of another's fault or wrongdoing.
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In James v. Bob Ross Buick, where James had been fired from a car dealership that then sent letters to customers under his name, James sued for:a. slander b. libelc. misappropriation of the name of another d. fraude. none of the other choices
In James v. Bob Ross Buick, James sued for c) misappropriation of the name of another. This refers to the unauthorized use of another person's name or likeness for personal gain.
In this case, the car dealership sent letters to customers under James' name without his consent, which led to a loss of reputation and potential business opportunities for him. This is considered a form of misappropriation because the dealership used James' name without permission in order to benefit themselves.
It is important for individuals and businesses to respect the privacy and rights of others and not use their name or likeness for personal gain without permission. James was rightfully able to seek legal action and hold the dealership accountable for their actions.
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What standard from New York Times v. Sullivan is used in a landmark case involving the intentional infliction of emotional distress?
The standard from New York Times v. Sullivan that is used in a landmark case involving the intentional infliction of emotional distress is the actual malice standard.
This standard requires that the plaintiff prove that the defendant acted with actual malice.This means that they knew the statements they made were false or made them with reckless disregard for the truth.
This standard was established in New York Times v. Sullivan in order to protect free speech rights under the First Amendment and prevent the chilling effect that could result from allowing public figures to sue for defamation without having to prove actual malice.
In cases involving intentional infliction of emotional distress, the actual malice standard is used because it helps to ensure that plaintiffs are not able to use this cause of action to stifle free speech or punish people for expressing their opinions or beliefs.
By requiring plaintiffs to prove that defendants acted with actual malice, the standard helps to balance the interests of free speech and protecting individuals from harmful and outrageous conduct that causes severe emotional distress.
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The power given to courts to hear certain types of cases is called:
The power given to courts to hear certain types of cases is called jurisdiction. Jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court to adjudicate a particular case based on the subject matter of the dispute, the geographic location of the parties, or the type of legal remedy sought.
Courts are typically divided into two main categories of jurisdiction: original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. Original jurisdiction refers to a court's authority to hear a case for the first time, while appellate jurisdiction refers to a court's authority to review and potentially overturn a decision made by a lower court.
Jurisdiction is an important concept in the legal system, as it helps ensure that cases are heard by the appropriate court and that the rule of law is applied consistently and fairly.
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What is the central idea of the 1st stanza of Section 30?
Section 30 of Walt Whitman's "Song of Myself" is a long and complex poem that explores various themes related to the self and society. The first stanza of this section serves as an introduction to the rest of the poem, and its central idea is the unity of all things in the universe.
The correct answer is unity of all things in the universe.
Walt Whitman begins the stanza by declaring, "I am the poet of the Body, and I am the poet of the Soul," emphasizing the connection between human existence's physical and spiritual aspects. He goes on to describe the "great pride" he takes in his work, which involves celebrating all aspects of life, including the "bodies of men and women," "the love of comrades," and "the pleasure of the young beech-tree."
Through these images, Whitman suggests that everything in the world is interconnected and that the natural world is an essential source of inspiration and vitality for the human spirit.
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"On all sides prurient...for a purpose" (Section 28)
This phrase is part of a longer sentence in Section 28 of Walt Whitman's poem "Song of Myself", which reads:
"On all sides prurient provokers stiffening my limbs,
Straining the udder of my heart for its withheld drip,
Behaving licentious toward me, taking no denial,
Depriving me of my best as for a purpose,"
It talks about different desires and interests that people have, which some people might think are indecent. Whitman thinks these desires are a natural part of being human, and we should accept and enjoy them instead of being ashamed.
The phrase "for a purpose" means that these desires have an essential role in our lives and shouldn't be ignored. The phrase is about how humans have many different desires, and accepting them is essential.
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The Law of Demand implies that
The Law of Demand implies that the quantity demanded of a commodity will decrease as its price increases,
According to the Law of Demand, when all other demand-influencing factors stay constant, a commodity's quantity desired will drop as its price rises and vice versa. In other words, the amount that customers desire and the cost of an item or service are inversely related. It is an essential principle of economics that customers' actions alter in reaction to price fluctuations. Typically, it is represented graphically as a downward-sloping demand curve, with the amount desired shown on the horizontal axis and the price of the commodity or service on the vertical axis.
It is predicated on idea that customers are rational and would want to get the most utility or enjoyment out of buying products and using services. When an item or service's price rises, it becomes relatively more costly in comparison to other goods or services, and customers may decide to demand fewer of them in favor of more affordable alternatives.
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give 3 acts which have undermined civil liberties
1. Patriot Act: The Patriot Act was a series of laws passed in the United States after the September 11th attacks in 2001. It greatly expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to monitor the activities of citizens and non-citizens, without the need for a warrant or probable cause. The act has been widely criticized for undermining civil liberties and due process rights.
2. Internment of Japanese Americans: During World War II, the U.S. government ordered the internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans in camps across the country. This was done without any due process and was seen as a violation of civil liberties.
3. Alien and Sedition Acts: The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the U.S. Congress in 1798. These laws made it easier for the government to deport immigrants, restricted freedom of speech, and allowed for the arrest of anyone deemed to be a threat to the country. They were widely seen as an attack on civil liberties and were later repealed.
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Illegal wire tapping is an intrusion into a person's solitude and an example of the tort of:a. negligenceb. invasion of solitude c. invasion of privacy d. batterye. false imprisonmentANSWER: c
Illegal wiretapping is an example of the privacy tort and a violation of privacy.
A tort known as invasion of privacy includes a number of wrongdoings, such as invading someone's solitude or seclusion, disclosing private information in public, exposing someone's privacy in a false light, and using someone else's name or likeness for profit.
Illegal wiretapping, which entails the unauthorized interception of personal communications without the parties' consent, is an infringement on a person's right to solitude or seclusion.
Hence, the correct option is C.
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32. Except for the years 1984 and 1992, voter turnout in presidential elections has declined steadily since
Except for 1984 and 1992, voter turnout in presidential elections has declined steadily since the 1960s. In 1960, voter turnout was approximately 63%, while in the 2016 presidential election, voter turnout was around 58%.
The correct answer is 1960s.
This trend has been observed in both major political parties, with Democrats and Republicans experiencing similar declines in voter participation. There are a variety of potential explanations for this trend, including factors such as increasing levels of political cynicism, a growing sense of political apathy among young voters, changes in voting laws and regulations, and the rising popularity of alternative forms of political engagement such as social media activism.
Some analysts believe that attempts to enhance voter turnout should include policies that make it simpler for individuals to register and vote, such as early voting, online voter registration, and automated voter registration.
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The contract between BootMagic and its union is due to expire in 30 days. If the union and BootMagic cannot successfully negotiate a contract, who must be notified?a.the NLRBb.the FMCSc.the AFL-CIOd.the U.S. Secretary of Labor
If the contract between BootMagic and its union is due to expire in 30 days and they cannot successfully negotiate a new contract, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) must be notified, as it is the federal agency responsible for enforcing the NLRA.
The correct option is A.
The NLRB is a federal agency responsible for enforcing the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), which protects the rights of employees to organize and collectively bargain with their employers. The NLRB has the authority to investigate and remedy unfair labour practices and to oversee union representation elections and collective bargaining.
Under the NLRA, if the union and the employer cannot agree on a new contract and the negotiations reach an impasse, either party may request the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) to help them resolve the dispute. However, neither the AFL-CIO nor the U.S. Secretary of Labor must be notified.
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What is Rule 15 of NC Rules of Civil Procedure?
Rule 15 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure concerns amending pleadings. Specifically, it allows a party to amend its pleadings at any time before a responsive pleading is served, or, if no responsive pleading is required, within 30 days of service of the pleading to be amended.
After that time, a party may only amend its pleadings by written consent of the opposing party or by leave of court. The rule also provides that leave to amend should be freely given when justice so requires, but that the court may consider factors such as undue delay, prejudice to the opposing party, and futility of the proposed amendment in deciding whether to grant leave to amend.
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Sole proprietors are not considered employees of their business and are not liable for payroll taxes. Instead, sole proprietors pay_________.-_________ tax on their business profits.
Sole proprietors are not considered employees of their business and are not liable for payroll taxes. Instead, sole proprietors pay self-employments tax on their business profits. This tax is composed of Social Security and Medicare taxes, which are the same taxes that are withheld from the paychecks of employees.
The self-employment tax applies to any net earnings from self-employment. The net earnings are calculated by subtracting all business expenses from the total gross income of the business. The self-employment tax rate is currently 15.3%, with 12.4% of the rate going to Social Security and the remaining 2.9% going to Medicare.
Unlike employees, who split the tax burden with their employer, sole proprietors are solely responsible for the entire 15.3% self-employment tax. This tax is generally lower than the total payroll tax an employee would pay, but higher than the payroll taxes paid by an employer.
Sole proprietors must also pay federal income tax on their net earnings from self-employment. The tax rate for sole proprietors is the same as for other taxpayers and depends on their income level. In addition, some states and localities levy their own income taxes on sole proprietors.
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What if the disturbance in question is not noise but cigarette smoke seeping from neighboring units into the unit of a nonsmoking tenant?
In this situation, the disturbance is not a form of noise, but rather an issue of air quality. Cigarette smoke can be harmful to health, and it is understandable that a nonsmoking tenant would not want to be exposed to it in their own living space.
The tenant should first try to talk to their neighbors and request that they refrain from smoking in a way that allows smoke to seep into other units.
If the issue persists, the tenant can bring the matter to the attention of their landlord or property management company, as they may have policies in place to address this type of issue.
Ultimately, ensuring a healthy and safe living environment should be a top priority for all parties involved. The tenant should first try to talk to their neighbors and request that they refrain from smoking in a way that allows smoke to seep into other units.
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T/F Testimony by an expert that a particular quantity of drugs was possed by the defendant with an intent to distribute violates Rule 704.
It is against Rule 704 for an expert to testify that the defendant had a certain amount of drugs in his possession with the intent to distribute them. This statement is false.
Testimony by an expert regarding the intent of the defendant to distribute drugs does not necessarily violate Rule 704 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Rule 704 states that "testimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionable because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact."
Therefore, if the expert testimony regarding the number of drugs possessed by the defendant, along with other evidence, supports an inference of intent to distribute, then such testimony would be admissible under Rule 704. However, if the expert testimony directly states the defendant's guilt or innocence, it could be considered improper under Rule 704.
It is worth noting that the admissibility of expert testimony in criminal cases is generally determined by the judge on a case-by-case basis, based on the relevance and reliability of the testimony. Ultimately, the weight and credibility of the expert testimony are for the jury to decide.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. Under the doctrine of _____, damages are reduced by the percentage of the injuries caused by a plaintiff's own careless conduct.a. intervening conductb. substantial factorc. comparative negligenced. proximate causee. cause in fact
Under the doctrine of comparative negligence, damages are reduced by the percentage of the injuries caused by a plaintiff's own careless conduct. The correct option is C.
Comparative negligence is a legal principle that apportions responsibility for injuries between the plaintiff and defendant based on their respective degrees of fault. In a case where both parties have contributed to the injuries, the court will assess the percentage of fault attributable to each party.
The plaintiff's damages award is then reduced by the percentage of their own negligence. For example, if the plaintiff is found to be 30% at fault for the accident, and the total damages amount to $100,000, the plaintiff will only be able to recover 70% of the damages, which equals $70,000.
This approach is considered fairer than the traditional contributory negligence rule, which often barred a plaintiff from any recovery if they were found to be even slightly at fault.
Comparative negligence aims to distribute liability in a manner that reflects the parties' respective contributions to the harm. It encourages responsible behavior by holding each party accountable for their actions and discouraging reckless conduct that may lead to injuries.
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One of the motions that can be made after a verdict has been entered is a motion for a
One of the motions that can be made after a verdict has been entered is a motion for a new trial. This motion asks the court to set aside the verdict and order a new trial.
There are several grounds on which a new trial may be requested, including newly discovered evidence, misconduct by a juror or the opposing party, errors in the court's instructions to the jury, or the verdict being against the weight of the evidence.
The party making the motion must provide evidence supporting their claim that a new trial is necessary. The court will then consider the evidence and determine whether a new trial is warranted. If the court grants the motion, the case will be retried, and a new verdict will be entered.
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Lawyers or judges Currently or Formerly in Government Service
Lawyers or judges who have previously served in government positions are often highly valued in the legal profession due to their experience and knowledge of government operations. These individuals may have worked as government attorneys, judges, or other legal professionals in various government agencies or branches of government.
Their experience working in government can make them valuable resources for clients seeking legal counsel related to government regulations, policies, or procedures. Additionally, their understanding of the inner workings of government can be helpful in navigating complex legal issues that involve government agencies or officials.
Overall, lawyers or judges with government experience can bring a unique perspective and set of skills to their legal practice, making them valuable assets to both clients and the legal profession as a whole.
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T/F A lay witness may not testify that he thinks the man was carrying a gun but is not 100% positive.
False. A lay witness may testify to their observations or perceptions, including their beliefs or opinions about what they saw or heard,
Even if they are not certain or 100% positive. However, the weight and credibility of such testimony may be affected by the witness's level of certainty or confidence.
It is up to the trier of fact (judge or jury) to determine the credibility and weight of all evidence presented.
However, the level of certainty or confidence in their observations may be called into question during cross-examination, and the trier of fact may consider this in determining the weight and credibility of their testimony.
Ultimately, the admissibility and weight of witness testimony is determined by the rules of evidence and the discretion of the judge.
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T is a tenant at will of L. L causes a nuisance that interferes with T 's business on the leased premises. T vacates, rents equivalent space at a higher rent, and subsequently sues for damages on a theory of constructive eviction arising from a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment. What result?
In this situation, T may be able to succeed in recovering damages from L on a theory of constructive eviction.
What is eviction?Eviction is the legal process of a landlord or property owner forcibly removing a tenant from a rental property. It usually takes place after the tenant has failed to pay rent, violated their lease agreement in some way, or failed to vacate the property after their lease has expired. The eviction process begins when the landlord serves the tenant with an eviction notice, which provides a certain amount of time to remedy the situation or vacate the property.
This is because a tenant at will has the same rights to quiet enjoyment as a tenant with a lease, and the nuisance caused by L has interfered with T's business on the leased premises. If T can show that the nuisance was so severe that it effectively forced them to vacate the premises and move to a more expensive location, then T may be able to recover damages for the increased rent and other related costs.
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The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, requires that employers allow eligible employees to take a total of ____ during any ____ period.12 weeks' paid leave; 12-month24 weeks' paid leave; 24-month12 weeks' unpaid leave; 12-month24 weeks' unpaid leave; 24-month
The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 requires that employers allow eligible employees to take a total of 12 weeks of unpaid leave during any 12-month period. The correct option is c.
It is a federal law that provides eligible employees with job-protected leave for certain family and medical reasons. It applies to private employers with 50 or more employees, as well as all public agencies and schools.
To be eligible for the leave, an employee must have worked for their employer for at least 12 months, have worked at least 1,250 hours during the 12 months prior to the start of the leave, and work at a location where the employer has at least 50 employees within 75 miles. Therefore, the correct option is c.
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To be liable for an intentional tort the defendant must have:a. thought through the consequences of his action b. "considered" the consequences of his actionsc. been unaware of the consequences of his actions d. engaged in a voluntary actione. none of the other choices
To be liable for an intentional tort, the defendant must have engaged in a voluntary action intending to cause a particular result or knowing that the result was substantially certain to occur.
The correct answer is either A or B.
This means that the defendant must have acted purposefully or knowingly instead of accidentally or negligently. The defendant must have intended to cause the specific harm that occurred rather than acting recklessly or with a general disregard for the safety of others.
Intent can be established through direct evidence, such as an admission by the defendant, or through circumstantial evidence, such as the nature of the defendant's actions or statements. In some cases, intent may be inferred from the defendant's reckless or wanton behaviour, which shows a conscious disregard for the safety of others.
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In James v. Bob Ross Buick, where James had been fired from a car dealership that then sent letters to customers under his name, James sued for:a. slander b. libelc. invasion of privacy d. fraude. none of the other choicesANSWER: c
under James v. Bob Ross Buick, James filed a lawsuit for invasion of privacy after being fired from a vehicle dealership that afterwards sent letters to clients under his name.
What exactly does privacy infringement entail?A person whose privacy has been violated may be entitled to sue the offending person or entity for damages. Invasion of privacy is defined as the unauthorised entry into another person's private affairs.
What is an instance of a privacy invasion?taking pictures or films of someone without permission inside their house or another private location; continuous telemarketing calls; leaking private information about a person who has injured or caused damage in the public
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59. Over the past three decades changes in the process of choosing presidential nominees have increased the role and influence of all of the following EXCEPT
Over the past three decades, changes in the process of choosing presidential nominees have increased the role and influence of all of the following, except party leaders, because it has decreased their role and influence.
The correct answer is party leaders.
Instead, the role of party leaders has been replaced by a more decentralized and democratized process that involves greater participation from rank-and-file voters. This has been driven partly by the rise of primary elections and caucuses, which allow voters to directly select their party's nominee rather than leaving the decision to party leaders or elites.
Additionally, the increased use of social media and other forms of technology has made it easier for candidates to communicate directly with voters, further diminishing the role of party leaders in the nomination process.
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Otis conveys Blackacre to his four children, "Amy, Bob, Conner, and Diane, all as joint tenants with the right of survivorship in all four, and not as tenants in common." Amy conveys her interest to Diane. Conner then dies devising his interest to Amy. What are the ownership rights of siblings?
When Otis conveyed Blackacre to his four children as joint tenants with the right of survivorship, it means that each child owns an equal share of the property and has the right to the entire property upon the death of the other joint tenants.
This means that upon the death of one of the joint tenants, their interest in the property passes automatically to the surviving joint tenants, rather than to their heirs.
When Amy conveyed her interest to Diane, she severed her joint tenancy with the other siblings, meaning that she no longer held an equal share in the property. Instead, she transferred her share of the property to Diane as a tenant in common, which means that each sibling held an equal share of the property as tenants in common.
When Conner died, his interest in the property passed to the surviving joint tenants, which in this case were Amy, Bob, and Diane. However, since Amy had already severed her joint tenancy by conveying her interest to Diane, Conner's interest in the property would have been divided equally among Bob and Diane as tenants in common.
Therefore, after Conner's death, the remaining ownership rights of the siblings would be as follows:
Amy: 1/4 interest as a tenant in common with Bob and Diane
Bob: 1/4 interest as a tenant in common with Amy and Diane
Conner's interest is divided equally between Bob and Diane as tenants in common.
Diane: 1/2 interest as a tenant in common with Amy and Bob.
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Brennan's 3 reasons for why the Sullivan decision shouldn't stand
Justice Brennan's three reasons for challenging the Sullivan decision relate to are the chilling effect on free speech, the need for a higher standard of proof for public officials, and the federalizing of libel law.
1) Chilling effect on free speech: Brennan argued that the Sullivan decision could lead to self-censorship by the media, as they may fear lawsuits from public officials. This, in turn, would limit the public's access to vital information and hinder democratic debate.
2) Higher standard of proof for public officials: Brennan suggested that public officials should be held to a higher standard of proof when claiming defamation. He introduced the "actual malice" standard, which requires the plaintiff to prove that the defendant knew the statement was false or showed reckless disregard for the truth.
3) Federalizing libel law: Lastly, Brennan believed that the Sullivan decision led to the federalization of libel law, taking it out of the hands of state courts. He thought this would create a more uniform and fair legal standard for defamation cases involving public officials.
In summary, Justice Brennan's three reasons for challenging the Sullivan decision are the potential chilling effect on free speech, the need for a higher standard of proof for public officials, and the federalizing of libel law.
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