Intervertebral Foramen: Content- what are the 4 structures found in the intervertebral foramen?

As an healthcare provider, one of the key actions that helps one to manage patient's orders and write their progress note is to stay organized and document everything accurately. This involves reviewing the patient's orders regularly and ensuring that they are being carried out as prescribed.

One must also make sure to document any changes or updates to the orders in the patient's medical record. When it comes to writing progress notes, one must use the information gathered during interactions with the patient and their caregivers to document their condition, any changes in symptoms or vital signs, and the effectiveness of any treatments or interventions. By staying on top of patient's orders and progress notes, I can ensure that they are receiving the best possible care and that their treatment plan is being followed appropriately.

The action you should take is to:

1. Review the patient's medical history and any previous orders.

2. Assess the patient's current condition, symptoms, and vital signs.

3. Based on your assessment, determine any necessary tests, treatments, or changes to the patient's orders.

4. Write a clear and concise progress note, including the patient's current condition, any new findings, and the updated orders.

5. Ensure that the progress note is properly documented in the patient's medical record for easy reference and communication among healthcare providers.

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The percentage of O2 being delivered via a nasal cannula based on the liter flow rate would be approximately 27-29%

The nasal cannula delivers ambient air mixed with supplemental oxygen, and the percentage of O2 being provided can be estimated by the oxygen flow rate. To calculate the percentage of O2 delivered, start with a baseline of 21% (the oxygen concentration in the air) and add an additional 3-4% for every liter of oxygen flow per minute. For example, if you have a flow rate of 2 liters per minute (L/min), the percentage of O2 being delivered would be approximately 27-29% (21% + 2 × 3-4%). This formula assumes that the patient is taking regular breaths and has a proper seal on the nasal cannula.

Keep in mind that these estimations can vary based on individual factors, such as patient breathing patterns and the fit of the nasal cannula. Additionally, the liter flow rate should be adjusted according to the patient's needs and medical condition to ensure appropriate oxygenation. Consult a healthcare professional to determine the optimal flow rate and O2 delivery for a specific patient. The percentage of O2 being delivered via a nasal cannula based on the liter flow rate would be approximately 27-29%.

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Yes, you can definitely reopen the Smart List to select from the choices again if you have made a mistake while filling it out. In fact, most Smart Lists are designed to allow users to make changes to their responses before submitting them.

To reopen a Smart List, you will need to access the platform or system where the list was created. This may involve logging into a specific website or application, or accessing a shared document or spreadsheet. Once you have located the Smart List, you should look for an option to edit or modify your responses. This may involve clicking on a specific button or link, or navigating to a specific tab or menu.

Once you have accessed the editing features for the SmartList, you should be able to make any necessary changes or updates to your responses. You may also be able to add or remove items from the list, depending on the specific functionality of the SmartList and the permissions granted to you by the creator or administrator of the list.

Once you have made your changes, you can simply submit the SmartList again as usual. Just make sure to review your responses carefully before submitting them to avoid any further mistakes or errors.

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Second Degree AVB Type I, also known as Mobitz Type I or Wenckebach block, is a type of heart conduction disorder involving the electrical signals within the heart.

When does second-degree AVB Type I occur?
Second Degree AVB Type I occurs when there is a progressive delay in the electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles of the heart, as detected on an electrocardiogram (ECG). This delay is specifically at the atrioventricular (AV) node, which is responsible for controlling the electrical signals between the upper and lower chambers of the heart.

In Mobitz Type I, the PR interval (the time between the P wave and the QRS complex on the ECG) progressively lengthens until a beat is dropped, meaning the ventricles don't contract and no QRS complex is seen on the ECG. After the dropped beat, the cycle starts again with a shorter PR interval and continues to progressively lengthen.

In summary, Second Degree AVB Type I, also known as Mobitz Type I or Wenckebach block, is a heart conduction disorder characterized by a progressive delay in electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles, as seen on an ECG. This results in a lengthening of the PR interval until a beat is dropped, and then the cycle repeats.

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The two factors that increase the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen are increased pH and the presence of fetal hemoglobin.

The factors increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen include:
1. Increased pH: Higher pH (more alkaline conditions) increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, allowing it to bind more easily. This is due to the Bohr effect, where a decrease in carbon dioxide levels leads to increased pH and a higher affinity for oxygen.

2. The presence of fetal hemoglobin: Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to adult hemoglobin (HbA). This allows HbF to effectively extract oxygen from the maternal blood supply and ensures sufficient oxygen delivery to the developing fetus.

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The most common complication that develops in the first few hours of life in an infant with a diabetic mother is hypoglycemia. This is because the baby has been exposed to high levels of glucose in the womb and their body is producing excess insulin to compensate.
              This occurs due to the baby's increased insulin production in response to the mother's high blood sugar levels during pregnancy.

Pregnancy complications are medical conditions that may affect you or the fetus’s health during pregnancy. Your pregnancy care provider watches for complications during pregnancy. You can help them detect potential problems by attending all your prenatal appointments. Early detection and prompt treatment can help reduce the chance of serious complications.

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The mouth-to-mouth ventilation technique is not recommended for a lone rescuer during CPR.

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Over bilateral upper lobes, lingula, and the right middle lobe, you should hear normal breath sounds called vesicular breath sounds.

These are the soft, rustling sounds heard during inspiration and expiration when listening to healthy lung tissue. To listen for these sounds, place your stethoscope on the bilateral upper lobes (located on the upper chest area), the lingula (part of the left lung), and the right middle lobe (located on the right side of the chest). If the sounds are clear and equal on both sides, this indicates healthy lung function in these areas.

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Pursed lip breathing is a technique that can benefit various populations. It is particularly useful for individuals with respiratory conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and emphysema.

It helps to improve oxygenation, reduce shortness of breath, and promote relaxation. Additionally, it can also be taught to people experiencing anxiety or stress, as it aids in calming the nervous system. Remember that when teaching pursed lip breathing, always provide clear instructions and emphasize the importance of regular practice to enhance its effectiveness.

It can also be helpful for individuals experiencing shortness of breath or anxiety. Additionally, athletes and singers may benefit from learning pursed lip breathing to improve their endurance and control over their breathing.

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A well-known artificial sweetener, aspartame (N-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester) can be seen in the bulk of foods that do not contain sugar. This compound is delegated: dipeptide. The correct answer is (C).

A low-calorie or non-nutritive sweetener, aspartame falls under the category of an artificial sweetener. Aspartic acid and phenylalanine make up this dipeptide, which is used as a sugar substitute in numerous food and beverage products. It is a popular option for people who want to cut back on sugar or manage their weight because it is 200 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar) but has fewer calories.

Because it is 200 times sweeter than sucrose, aspartame is a popular low-calorie artificial sweetener in diet drinks. This substance is made out of aspartic corrosive, phenylalanine, and methanol, which likewise can create sick results on human well-being (Balgobind et al., 2016).

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When an elderly man presents with multiple symptoms including low urine output, it is important to perform further diagnostic tests to identify the underlying cause.

The next step in investigating low urine output may involve performing some diagnostic tests, which could include:

Depending on the results of these tests, further interventions may be necessary, such as:

It is important to note that low urine output can be a serious medical issue, particularly in elderly individuals, and prompt evaluation and treatment is essential to prevent complications.

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Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital heart defect where there is a narrowing or constriction in the aorta, which is the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

The narrowing occurs just after the branching of the arteries that supply blood to the upper body. As a result, the blood flow to the lower body is reduced, causing high blood pressure in the upper body and low blood pressure in the lower body.
Over time, the body tries to compensate for the reduced blood flow by developing collateral blood vessels around the area of the coarctation. These collateral vessels are small, fragile vessels that grow between the ribs to try and supply blood to the lower body. As these vessels grow, they can cause notches or grooves in the ribs, which is known as rib notching.
Rib notching is a characteristic sign of coarctation of the aorta and is caused by the collateral vessels that grow to compensate for the narrowed aorta. The notches are usually seen on the underside of the ribs and are more common on the left side of the body. Rib notching is a useful diagnostic tool for identifying coarctation of the aorta, particularly in infants and children, as it can be seen on a chest X-ray.

Coarctation of the aorta presents with rib notching because:
Coarctation is a narrowing of the aorta, the main blood vessel that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the body. Due to this narrowing, blood flow is restricted, and the body compensates by increasing pressure in the arteries before the coarctation site. This causes collateral circulation, which means that the blood finds alternative routes to reach the lower body.
One of these routes is through the intercostal arteries, which run under the ribs. As the blood flow through these arteries increases, they enlarge and erode the underside of the ribs, causing the characteristic rib notching seen in coarctation of the aorta.

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Factors decreasing physiologic dead space include supine position and emphysema.

Factors decreasing physiologic dead space include:

1. The supine position: Lying in a supine position can help decrease physiologic dead space as it improves ventilation-perfusion matching. In this position, gravity has a more even effect on the lung, and blood flow is better distributed, leading to improved gas exchange.

2. Anticholinergic agents: Anticholinergic agents may not directly decrease physiologic dead space. However, they can reduce bronchoconstriction and mucus production, leading to better airway patency and ventilation. This, in turn, could improve ventilation-perfusion matching and reduce dead space.

3. Increasing age: Increasing age by itself does not decrease physiologic dead space. However, aging can lead to a decline in lung function, which might affect dead space indirectly.

4. Emphysema: Emphysema is a condition that actually increases physiologic dead space. It is characterized by the destruction of lung tissue and enlargement of the air spaces, leading to poor gas exchange and an increase in dead space.

In summary, among the factors listed, only the supine position can directly contribute to a decrease in physiologic dead space. Anticholinergic agents may have an indirect effect while increasing age and emphysema do not decrease physiologic dead space.

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The most common cause of Vitamin K deficiency in hospitalized patients is broad spectrum antibiotic use, poor oral intake and fat mal-absorptive disorders.

Vitamin K is also known by the name phylloquinone. It is a fat-soluble vitamin found in green leafy vegetables like spinach, kale, etc. The most essentially role of vitamin K in the body is to prevent the clotting of blood. It is also prescribed for osteoporosis.

Antibiotics are the agents used to treat the bacterial infections The antibiotics work by either killing the bacteria or reducing their growth to a greater extent. The antibiotics disrupt the vitamin K deficiency inside the body.

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Based on the assessment findings, the abdominal injury that should be suspected is a diaphragmatic injury.

The presence of a stab wound in the left lower chest and decreased breath sounds over the left lower lungs suggest that the patient has a potential chest injury. However, the auscultation of bowel sounds in the left lower chest suggests that there may be a diaphragmatic injury. The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, and if it is ruptured, abdominal contents such as the stomach or intestines can herniate into the chest cavity. This can lead to decreased breath sounds and bowel sounds being heard in the chest.

A diaphragmatic injury is a medical emergency and can lead to life-threatening complications if not diagnosed and treated promptly. The patient may require immediate surgical intervention to repair the diaphragm and prevent further herniation of abdominal contents into the chest. Therefore, it is crucial to assess and identify the potential injury as early as possible to provide appropriate and timely interventions.

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The most likely diagnosis is corneal abrasion due to metal foreign body.

The symptoms reported by the 32-year-old man, including left eye pain, foreign body sensation, tearing, and photophobia, are consistent with corneal abrasion caused by a foreign body. The fact that he was grinding metal without protective eye gear increases the likelihood of a metal foreign body being the cause.

The fluorescein eye exam, which involves placing a special dye in the eye to highlight any damage, can confirm the presence of a corneal abrasion. Treatment may involve removal of the foreign body, antibiotic eye drops to prevent infection, and pain relief medication.

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To sort notes by the "Author" column in order to group all notes written by physicians together, you can follow these steps:

1) Open the notes application or program where the notes are stored.

2) Locate the column headings at the top of the note list. These columns may include headings such as "Date," "Author," "Subject," or "Category."

3) Find the "Author" column heading.

4) Click on the "Author" column heading to sort the notes by author in ascending order. This will group all notes written by the same author together.

5) To group all notes written by physicians together, look for the notes written by authors with a medical degree (such as "Dr." or "MD") or a medical specialty (such as "Cardiology" or "Oncology").

6) You may need to scroll through the note list to find all of the notes written by physicians.

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Droperidol is an antipsychotic medication that is primarily used for the treatment of agitation, nausea, and vomiting.

The statements provided in the question are as follows:

Therefore, the correct statements about droperidol are that it has antiarrhythmic activity and can cause QT interval shortening.

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Trauma is likely that damage of the soft palate with a foreign body and stroke are linked in some cases, although this would depend on the specifics of the case.

A foreign body trauma to the soft palate could potentially cause nerve or blood vessel damage, that could lead to a stroke if a clot of blood or other obstruction develops and prevents blood flow to the brain. It is crucial to note, however, that such an event would be an uncommon and unusual reason for stroke. Stroke is caused by a disturbance in blood flow to the brain, that can occur as a result of a blood clot (ischemic stroke) or brain hemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke).

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None of the listed ranges of mean arterial pressure are acceptable for a patient undergoing cerebral aneurysm resection.

Hypotension during surgery can lead to reduced cerebral blood flow and increased risk of stroke, while hypertension can increase the risk of bleeding from the aneurysm.

Maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is critical during the surgery to prevent neurological complications.

CPP is calculated as the difference between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP), with a normal range of 60-80 mm Hg.

Therefore, the goal during cerebral aneurysm resection is to maintain a stable MAP within a narrow range around the patient's baseline level, typically within 10-20% of their normal range.

This can vary based on the individual patient's characteristics and the surgeon's preference.

In general, it is recommended to avoid hypotension during cerebral aneurysm resection, as it can lead to decreased CPP and potentially cause ischemic injury to the brain.

The acceptable range of MAP during surgery would depend on the individual patient and the surgeon's preference, but generally, a MAP of 70-90 mm Hg is commonly used to maintain adequate CPP.

Therefore, it is important for the anesthesia team to carefully monitor the patient's blood pressure and adjust medication doses as needed to maintain a stable MAP during the procedure.

The specific target range should be discussed with the surgeon and anesthesia team prior to the surgery.

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Sleep spindles and K-complexes are identifiable waves on an EEG (electroencephalogram) during stage 2 sleep.

Sleep spindles are brief bursts of brain activity that occur at 11-16 Hz and are typically found in the frontal lobes.

In contrast, K-complexes are large, slow waves that occur in response to external stimuli such as noise or touch. They appear as a sharp negative wave followed by a slower positive wave and are frequently seen in the brain's central and parietal regions.

On an EEG, sleep spindles and K-complexes are both important indicators of stage 2 sleep.

Thus, other features of stage 2 sleep include a decrease in muscle activity and heart rate, as well as a decrease in body temperature.

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Headache Continuum: TTH & Migraines- with persistent input there is (increased/decreased) CNS sensitivity and development of central sensitization. This is particularly evident in chronic TTH and migraines.

Central sensitization refers to a phenomenon where the CNS becomes hypersensitive to stimuli, leading to an exaggerated response. This can result in increased pain perception and other symptoms commonly associated with headaches, such as photophobia (sensitivity to light) and phonophobia (sensitivity to sound). In chronic TTH and migraines, the constant input of pain signals can lead to long-term changes in the CNS, resulting in persistent central sensitization.

It is important to note that the development of central sensitization is not the same for everyone and may vary in intensity and duration. Factors such as genetics, lifestyle, and environment can all influence the development of central sensitization in individuals experiencing headaches.

Overall, understanding the headache continuum and the development of central sensitization can help healthcare professionals develop effective treatment strategies for individuals experiencing chronic TTH and migraines. By addressing the underlying mechanisms of pain perception, treatment can be tailored to the individual's needs, leading to improved outcomes and quality of life.

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The "And" in the phrase "5 D's And 3 N's" is simply a conjunction used to link the two parts of the phrase together. The phrase refers to the symptoms of Vertebral Artery Insufficiency (VBI).

Vertebral Artery Insufficiency (VBI) refers to the reduced blood flow through the vertebral arteries, which supply blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. The symptoms of VBI can be remembered using the mnemonic "5 D's and 3 N's." The "and" in this phrase is simply a connector between the two groups of symptoms, indicating that there are 5 D's symptoms and 3 N's symptoms which include.

The 5 D's are:
1. Dizziness
2. Diplopia (double vision)
3. Dysarthria (difficulty in speech)
4. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
5. Drop attacks (sudden falls without loss of consciousness)

The 3 N's are:
1. Nystagmus (involuntary eye movement)
2. Nausea
3. Numbness (sensory deficits)
These symptoms help in identifying and diagnosing Vertebral Artery Insufficiency.

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A non-significant p-value is greater than 0.05. Therefore, you would fail to reject the null hypothesis.In statistical hypothesis testing, the p-value is the probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme as or more extreme than the one observed in the sample, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

The null hypothesis typically represents the absence of an effect or relationship between variables.The common convention in many scientific fields is to consider a p-value less than or equal to 0.05 as statistically significant, indicating that the observed effect is unlikely to have occurred by chance if the null hypothesis were true. In this case, researchers reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is evidence for an effect or relationship between variables.

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The location of MI least associated with Ventricular Septal Rupture is the posterior wall.

This is because the posterior wall of the left ventricle typically has less muscle mass than the anterior wall and is thus less likely to experience a tear due to physical strain. In addition, due to the relative distance of the posterior wall from other heart structures such as the right ventricle, it is also much less likely to be adversely affected by any other event that

could potentially cause a tear in the septal wall, such as an aneurysm or valve leakage. Finally, because the majority of oxygen-rich blood supply travels through the LV's anterior wall, where most of its muscle fibers are concentrated,

this area generally experiences more force than other regions and would be thus more susceptible to Ventricular Septal Rupture.

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Nurses are compelled to continue learning throughout their careers to avoid becoming laggards because the healthcare industry is constantly evolving and advancing.

With new technology, research, and best practices emerging, nurses need to stay updated and informed to provide the best possible care to their patients. Additionally, continuing education is a requirement for maintaining licensure and staying current with the latest standards of practice. Continuing to learn and grow also provides nurses with opportunities for career advancement, personal and professional development, and the ability to specialize in a particular area of interest. In short, ongoing learning and education are essential for nurses to remain competent, confident, and effective practitioners Nurses are compelled to continue learning throughout their careers to avoid becoming laggards due to factors such as evolving medical knowledge, advancements in technology, maintaining professional competence, meeting regulatory requirements, and ensuring patient safety and quality care. By actively engaging in lifelong learning, nurses can enhance their skills, adapt to changes in the healthcare environment, and contribute positively to their profession.

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The factors that are most important for the nurse to consider during the postoperative period for a child with type 2 diabetes are, Blood glucose control, Wound healing and Pain management.

Postoperative care for a child with type 2 diabetes requires careful monitoring of blood glucose levels to avoid hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. The nurse must ensure that the child's blood glucose is closely monitored and maintained within a safe range.

Additionally, wound healing may be slower in patients with diabetes, so the nurse must monitor the surgical site closely for any signs of infection or delayed healing. Finally, pain management is crucial in ensuring the child's comfort and preventing stress-induced hyperglycemia. The nurse must use appropriate pain management techniques to ensure that the child's pain is well-controlled while maintaining blood glucose levels within the target range.

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--The complete question is, A child with type 2 diabetes is scheduled for abdominal surgery. which factors are most important for the nurse to consider during the postoperative period?--

It is generally not recommended to leave blank lines in nurses' notes. Nurses' notes should be accurate, complete, and concise, and should document all significant observations.

If there is no significant information to document during a particular shift, the nurse may indicate "no changes" or "patient remains stable" instead of leaving blank lines. This provides a clear record that the nurse has assessed the patient and found no changes since the previous note.

However, it is important to follow the documentation guidelines set by the healthcare facility or organization where you work, as there may be specific policies or procedures regarding documentation practices. If in doubt, it is always best to consult with a supervisor or nurse educator for guidance on proper documentation practices.

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A special precaution that is needed when treating a heart patient with beta-blockade medications, if the heart patient also suffers from asthma, is to carefully monitor the patient for any adverse respiratory effects.

Beta-blockers can cause bronchospasm and exacerbate asthma symptoms, which can be life-threatening in severe cases. Therefore, patients with both heart disease and asthma should only be prescribed beta-blockers under close medical supervision and with careful monitoring of their respiratory function.

In some cases, alternative medications, such as calcium channel blockers or ACE inhibitors, may be recommended for heart disease management in patients with asthma.

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The correct question is:

Can you think of a special precaution that is needed when treating a heart patient with beta-blockade medications, if the heart patient also suffers from asthma? explain

According to Florence Nightingale, health is not merely the absence of disease, but rather a state of physical, mental, and social well-being.

While she did use the term "absence of disease" in some of her writings, it was in the context of emphasizing the importance of preventing and controlling disease through hygiene and sanitation measures. Nightingale believed that maintaining a clean and sanitary environment was essential for preventing the spread of disease and promoting good health. Nightingale's emphasis on prevention and the importance of the environment in promoting health was revolutionary in her time and remains relevant today. She recognized that disease was not simply a matter of individual behavior or biology, but also a product of social and environmental factors. Her approach to healthcare, which focused on preventing illness and promoting wellness, has influenced generations of healthcare practitioners and policymakers. Therefore, while it is true that Nightingale used the phrase "absence of disease," it is not an accurate representation of her overall understanding of health. She recognized that health is a multifaceted concept that encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being and that disease prevention and environmental factors are crucial components of promoting good health.

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