how much time does it take light to travel from the moon to the earth, a distance of 384,000 km? (b) light from the star sirius takes 8.61 years to reach the earth. what is the distance from earth to sirius in kilometers?

The electron and the proton will have the same magnitude of force acting on them.

The electron and proton are having equal charge, so the electric force acting on them will be equal.

Since, they have different masses, the smaller particle with lower mass will be accelerated more and attains higher speed than the larger particle. Therefore, the smaller particle will cover more distance than the larger one.

So, only the force on the particles will be the same.

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The groove spacing of the grating is d = 1/250000 m, and the angle of the interference maximum for a given order m and wavelength λ is θ = [tex]sin^{(-1)[/tex](250000mλ).

The formula for calculating the angle θ of the m-th order maximum in a diffraction grating with groove spacing d and wavelength λ is given by:

d sinθ = mλ

where m is the order of the maximum.

In this case, the grating has 2500 grooves per cm, which means that the groove spacing d is:

d = 1/2500 cm

We can convert this to meters:

d = 1/250000 m

Substituting this value for d and the given wavelength λ into the above formula, we can solve for the angle θ:

d sinθ = mλ

(1/250000) sinθ = mλ

sinθ = mλ / (1/250000)

sinθ = 250000mλ

Taking the inverse sine of both sides, we get:

θ = [tex]sin^{(-1)[/tex](250000mλ)

Therefore, the groove spacing of the grating is d = 1/250000 m, and the angle of the interference maximum for a given order m and wavelength λ is θ = [tex]sin^{(-1)[/tex](250000mλ).

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The optical path difference (OPD) between two parallel light rays is crucial in understanding their interference at the detector. In this scenario, one ray passes through a 10 cm long block of glass with an index of refraction of 1.5, while the other ray remains in air.

The optical path length (OPL) for a light ray is given by the product of the physical distance traveled and the index of refraction of the medium. For the ray traveling through air, the index of refraction is 1. Thus, the OPL for this ray is equal to the physical distance it traveled, which is 10 cm (or 0.1 m).

For the ray passing through the glass block, the index of refraction is 1.5. So, the OPL for this ray is equal to the physical distance (0.1 m) multiplied by the index of refraction (1.5), which is 0.15 m.

Now, we can find the OPD by taking the difference between the OPLs of the two rays: OPD = 0.15 m - 0.1 m = 0.05 m.

To determine the phase difference at the detector, we need to know the wavelength of the light rays. In this case, the wavelength is 500 nm (5 x [tex]10^{(-7)}[/tex]m). The phase difference can be calculated by dividing the OPD by the wavelength and multiplying by 2π. However, since the problem only asks for the optical path difference, the final answer is 0.05 m or 5 cm.

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The apparent weight of a fish in an elevator is greatest when the elevator 4) accelerates upward.

The apparent weight of an object is the force experienced by the object due to gravity and other forces acting on it. In the case of an elevator, the apparent weight of an object inside the elevator can change depending on the motion of the elevator.

When the elevator is at rest, the apparent weight of an object inside it is equal to its actual weight. This is because the elevator and the object inside it are both stationary and not experiencing any acceleration.

However, when the elevator starts to move, the apparent weight of an object inside it can change. There are two scenarios to consider:

The elevator is moving with a constant velocity: In this case, the object inside the elevator experiences a net force due to the acceleration of the elevator.

The magnitude of this force is equal to the mass of the object times the acceleration of the elevator. The apparent weight of the object is the sum of its actual weight and this net force.

If the elevator is moving upward with a constant velocity, the apparent weight of the object will be slightly less than its actual weight, as the net force is slightly less than the force of gravity.

The elevator is accelerating: In this case, the object inside the elevator experiences an additional force due to the acceleration of the elevator. If the elevator is accelerating upward, the apparent weight of the object will be greater than its actual weight, as the net force is greater than the force of gravity.

This is because the force of gravity acting on the object is being added to the force due to the upward acceleration of the elevator.

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The ratio of the gravitational force to the weight of the 60 g ball is: 2.19 x [tex]10^{-8[/tex].

The gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between their centers. In this case, we are given the masses of two lead balls - one weighing 13 kg and the other weighing 60 g. We are also given the distance between their centers, which is 11 cm.

To find the gravitational force between these two balls, we can use the formula F = G * (m1 * m2) / [tex]r^2[/tex], where F is the gravitational force, G is the universal gravitational constant (6.67 x [tex]10^{-11} N m^2/kg^2[/tex]), m1 and m2 are the masses of the two balls, and r is the distance between their centers.

Plugging in the given values, we get:

F = (6.67 x [tex]10^{-11} N m^2/kg^2[/tex]) * (13 kg) * (0.06 kg) / [tex](0.11 m)^2[/tex]
F = 1.29 x [tex]10^{-8[/tex] N

Now, to find the ratio of this gravitational force to the weight of the 60 g ball, we need to divide the force by the weight of the ball. The weight of the ball can be found using the formula W = m * g, where W is the weight, m is the mass, and g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 [tex]m/s^2[/tex]).

The weight of the 60 g ball is:

W = (0.06 kg) * (9.8 [tex]m/s^2[/tex])
W = 0.588 N

Therefore, the ratio of the gravitational force to the weight of the 60 g ball is:

1.29 x [tex]10^{-8[/tex] N / 0.588 N = 2.19 x [tex]10^{-8[/tex]

In other words, the gravitational force between the two lead balls is much smaller than the weight of the 60 g ball.

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The magnitude of the angular acceleration of the platform is 0.5 rad/s^2.

To find the magnitude of the angular acceleration of the platform, we can use the formula:

angular acceleration = (change in angular velocity) / (time taken)

Here, the initial angular velocity (ω1) of the platform is 8.0 rad/s and the final angular velocity (ω2) is 10 rad/s. The time taken (t) for the change in angular velocity is 4.0 seconds.

So, the change in angular velocity is:

ω2 - ω1 = 10 rad/s - 8.0 rad/s = 2.0 rad/s

And the angular acceleration is:

angular acceleration = (change in angular velocity) / (time taken)
angular acceleration = 2.0 rad/s / 4.0 s
angular acceleration = 0.5 rad/s^2

Therefore,  0.5 rad/s^2 is the magnitude of the angular acceleration of the platform.

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Adiabatic process, no heat is exchanged between the system and its environment. Since the 4-mol ideal gas system undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 20 J of work on its environment, the heat received by the system is 0 J.

An adiabatic process is one in which the rate of heat transfer is zero. Additionally, any alteration in internal energy actually results in work being done, as stated by the first law of thermodynamics.

This implies that there will be the following changes in internal energy.

Internal energy change equals one work done by the gas.

Additionally, the system's internal energy will change during an adiabatic process.

As a result, we can say that the following propositions are true for an adiabatic process.

An adiabatic process causes a change in the system's internal energy.

There is no heat transport into or out of the system when an adiabatic operation is taking place.

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The 2.64 × 10^{5 } N force does the beam exert when it is heated to 40°C.

The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain is known as the Young's modulus, a feature of the material that indicates how easily it can stretch and flex. Where strain is extension per unit length and stress is the amount of force applied per unit area.

Given;

Length of steel beam = 20 m

Cross-sectional area of rail = 30 cm^{2}

ΔT = 40 °C

The change in length of the steel beam is,

ΔL = L₋oαΔT

ΔL = 20 × 1.1 × 10^{-5} × 40

ΔL = 8.8 × 10^{-3}

Young's modulus is,

[tex]YL=\frac{FL}{A\(\Delta\)}[/tex]

[tex]F={YA\(\Delta\)L}/L[/tex]

[tex]F= \frac{2.0*10^{11}*30*10^{-4}*8.8*10^{-3}}{20}[/tex]

[tex]F= 2.64*10^{5}N[/tex]

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a) The object should be placed 6.67 cm in front of the mirror.

b) The magnification of the mirror is 1.74, which means the image is larger than the object and is upright (since the magnification is positive).

We can use the mirror formula to solve this problem:

1/f = 1/do + 1/di

where:

f = focal length of the mirror

do = object distance

di = image distance

(a) To find the object distance, we can rearrange the mirror formula as:

1/do = 1/f - 1/di

Substituting f = 14.0 cm and di = -11.6 cm (since the image is behind the mirror), we get:

1/do = 1/14.0 - 1/(-11.6) = 0.150

Taking the reciprocal of both sides, we get:

do = 6.67 cm (rounded to two decimal places)

Therefore, the object should be placed 6.67 cm in front of the mirror.

(b) The magnification of the mirror can be found using the magnification formula:

m = -di/do

Substituting do = 6.67 cm and di = -11.6 cm, we get:

m = -(-11.6)/6.67 = 1.74 (rounded to two decimal places)

Therefore, the magnification of the mirror is 1.74, which means the image is larger than the object and is upright (since the magnification is positive).

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In the experiment, the student is measuring the time it takes for a spinning disk to come to a stop on a horizontal surface. However, during the experiment, the disk momentarily stops and then continues to spin.

To determine the time at which the disk momentarily stops, the student needs to carefully observe the motion of the disk and identify the moment when it comes to a complete stop and then starts moving again. This time can be recorded as tmin. The cause of the momentary stop may be due to an external force acting on the disk, friction with the surface, or other factors affecting the motion of the disk.

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--The complete Question is, A student performs an experiment where a disk is spinning on a horizontal surface. The student records the time it takes for the disk to come to a stop. However, during the experiment, the disk momentarily stops and then continues to spin. At what time (tmin) does the disk momentarily stop?--

The instantaneous tangential speed of the passengers 15 s after the acceleration begins is 7.5375 m/s.

To calculate the angular acceleration of the ride. We can use the formula:
angular acceleration = (final angular velocity - initial angular velocity) / time

Plugging in the given values, we get:
angular acceleration = (1.4 rad/s - 0 rad/s) / 21 s
angular acceleration = 0.067 rad/s^2

Next, we can use the formula for tangential velocity:
tangential velocity = radius x angular velocity

At the maximum rotational speed of 1.4 rad/s, the tangential velocity is:
tangential velocity = 7.5 m x 1.4 rad/s
tangential velocity = 10.5 m/s

Now, to find the instantaneous tangential velocity 15 seconds after the acceleration begins, we can use the formula for angular velocity:
angular velocity = angular acceleration x time

Plugging in the values, we get:
angular velocity = 0.067 rad/s^2 x 15 s
angular velocity = 1.005 rad/s

Finally, we can use the formula for tangential velocity again:
tangential velocity = radius x angular velocity

Plugging in the values, we get:
tangential velocity = 7.5 m x 1.005 rad/s
tangential velocity = 7.5375 m/s

Therefore, the instantaneous tangential speed of the passengers 15 s after the acceleration begins is 7.5375 m/s.

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(C) The farsighted camper's

To determine whose glasses should be used to focus the Sun's rays onto some paper to start a fire between a nearsighted and a farsighted camper, we need to consider the lens types for each vision condition.

Nearsightedness requires a concave lens to correct the vision, while farsightedness requires a convex lens. Convex lenses are able to focus sunlight and create a hot spot, which can ignite a fire.

So, the answer is:
c) the farsighted camper's glasses should be used to focus the Sun's rays onto some paper to start the fire.

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The distance covered by the car before it comes to a stop is approximately 396 feet.

When a car is traveling at 90 mph, it can be converted to feet per second (fps) using the given conversion factor (60 mph = 88 fps). To convert 90 mph to fps, use the proportion:

(90 mph) / (60 mph) = x / (88 fps)

Solving for x, we get:

x = (90 * 88) / 60 ≈ 132 fps

Now, we can use the given constant deceleration of 22 ft/s² to find the distance covered by the car before it comes to a stop. We will apply the following kinematic equation:

v² = u² + 2as

Where:
- v = final velocity (0 fps, as the car comes to a stop)
- u = initial velocity (132 fps)
- a = acceleration (deceleration, in this case, -22 ft/s²)
- s = distance covered

Plugging in the values, we get:

(0)² = (132)² + 2(-22)s

Solving for s, we find:

0 = 17424 - 44s

Rearrange the equation to isolate s:

44s = 17424

Finally, divide by 44:

s ≈ 396 feet

Thus, the car covers a distance of approximately 396 feet before coming to a complete stop.

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The modulus used to calculate the stress and strain on a tire when it stops a car using friction is the "shear modulus" or "modulus of rigidity."

This modulus is relevant because it deals with the deformation of the tire material under the influence of tangential or shear forces, which are caused by the friction between the tire and the road surface. To calculate stress and strain, you can follow these steps:

1. Determine the applied force: This can be calculated using Newton's second law (F = ma), where F is the force, m is the mass of the car, and a is its deceleration.

2. Calculate the shear stress: Shear stress (τ) can be calculated using the formula τ = F/A, where F is the applied force and A is the contact area between the tire and the road.

3. Calculate the shear strain: Shear strain (γ) can be obtained by measuring the deformation angle of the tire material.

4. Apply the shear modulus: The relationship between shear stress and shear strain is given by the equation τ = Gγ, where G is the shear modulus. You can use this equation to calculate either the stress or strain, given the other value and the shear modulus of the tire material.

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a) To find the kinetic energy of the automobile, we can use the formula: KE = (1/2)mv^2, where m is the mass of the automobile in kilograms, and v is its velocity in meters per second.

First, we need to convert the velocity from kilometers per hour to meters per second:
90 km/h = 25 m/s

Now we can plug in the values:
KE = (1/2) x 1200 kg x (25 m/s)^2 = 937,500 Joules

Therefore, the kinetic energy of the automobile is 937,500 Joules.

b) To bring the automobile to a stop, we need to apply a net work that is equal to its kinetic energy. This work will be done by the frictional force acting between the tires and the road. The formula for net work is: Wnet = KEfinal - KEinitial.

Since we want to bring the automobile to a complete stop, the final kinetic energy (KEfinal) will be zero. Therefore:

Wnet = 0 - 937,500 Joules = -937,500 Joules

The negative sign indicates that work is being done on the automobile (by the frictional force), which is causing it to slow down and eventually come to a stop.

So, the net work required to bring the automobile to a stop is -937,500 Joules.

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The frequency of the system when an object moving in simple harmonic motion has an amplitude of 0.020 m and a maximum acceleration of 40 m/s2 is approximately 7.12 Hz.

In a simple harmonic motion, the relationship between the amplitude, maximum acceleration, and angular frequency is given by the equation:

amax = Aω²

Where amax is the maximum acceleration (40 m/s²), A is the amplitude (0.020 m), and ω is the angular frequency. Our goal is to find the frequency (f) of the system.

First, let's solve for the angular frequency (ω):

40 m/s² = (0.020 m)ω²

ω² = 2000 s⁻²

ω = [tex]\sqrt[/tex](2000) s⁻¹ ≈ 44.72 s⁻¹

Now, we can find the frequency (f) using the relationship between angular frequency and frequency:

ω = 2πf

44.72 s⁻¹ = 2πf

f ≈ 44.72 s⁻¹ / (2π) ≈ 7.12 Hz

Therefore, the frequency of the system is approximately 7.12 Hz.

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If the distance between the slits is doubled in Young's experiment, the width of the central maximum is (b) the width is unchanged

The width of the central maximum is determined by the wavelength of the light used and the distance between the slits. When the distance between the slits is doubled, the distance between the adjacent bright fringes also doubles, but the wavelength of the light remains the same. Therefore, the number of bright fringes that fall within the central maximum remains the same, resulting in an unchanged width of the central maximum.

To further understand this phenomenon, we can use the equation for the position of the bright fringes in Young's experiment, which is given by d sinθ = mλ, where d is the distance between the slits, θ is the angle between the line perpendicular to the screen and the line joining the slit and the bright fringe, m is the order of the bright fringe, and λ is the wavelength of the light used. From this equation, we can see that when the distance between the slits is doubled, the value of d doubles but the value of λ remains the same, resulting in an unchanged width of the central maximum. If the distance between the slits is doubled in Young's experiment, the width of the central maximum is (b) the width is unchanged

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The given statement "vectors can be added together using the rules of algebra" is true.

A quantity or phenomena with independent qualities for both size and direction is called a vector. The word can also refer to a quantity's mathematical or geometrical representation. Velocity, momentum, force, electromagnetic fields, and weight are a few examples of vectors in nature.

When performing vector addition, you simply add the corresponding components of each vector together.

For example, if you have two vectors A = (a₁, a₂) and B = (b₁, b₂),

their sum C = A + B would be:

C = (a₁ + b₁, a₂ + b₂)

Any two vectors are not subject to the vector addition rule. Only when two vectors of the same kind and nature are they added.

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The value of q/m for the particle is 8.96 x 10^7 C/kg.

To determine the value of q/m for a particle moving in a circle of radius 7.6 mm in a 0.56 T magnetic field, we can use the equation for the centripetal force on a charged particle:

F = qvB

where F is the centripetal force, q is the charge of the particle, v is its velocity, and B is the magnetic field. The force is provided by the magnetic field, and it is directed toward the center of the circle.

We can also use the equation for the force on a charged particle in an electric field:

F = qE

where E is the electric field, and the force is directed along the direction of the electric field.

When the electric field is applied perpendicular to the magnetic field, the force due to the electric field will cancel the force due to the magnetic field, and the charged particle will move in a straight line.

The velocity of the charged particle can be found by equating the centripetal force to the force due to the electric field:

qvB = qE

v = E/B

Substituting the given values, we get:

v = 200 V/m / 0.56 T = 357.14 m/s

The centripetal force on the charged particle is provided by the magnetic field:

F = qvB

Substituting the values of v, B, and the radius of the circle, we get:

mv^2/r = qvB

q/m = v/B*r

Substituting the given values, we get:

q/m = (357.14 m/s) / (0.56 T * 7.6 mm)

q/m = 8.96 x 10^7 C/kg

Therefore, the value of q/m for the particle is 8.96 x 10^7 C/kg.

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In a magnetic field, the force on a charged particle is given by F = q(vB), where F is the magnetic force, q is the charge of the particle, v is its velocity, and B is the magnetic field strength.The centripetal force required to keep the particle moving in a circle is given by F = (mv^2)/r, where m is the mass of the particle and r is the radius of the circle.

Equate the magnetic force and the centripetal force: q(vB) = (mv^2)/r.
The crossed electric field makes the path straight, so the electric force (F = qE) must balance the magnetic force (F = qvB), where E is the electric field strength. Thus, qE = qvB, or v = E/B.Substitute the expression for v from step 4 into the equation from step 3: q(E/B)B = (m(E/B)^2)/r.
Simplify and solve for q/m: q/m = E/r = 200 V/m / 7.6 mm = 200 V/m / 0.0076 m ≈ 26315.8 C/kg.Therefore, the value of q/m for the particle is approximately 26315.8 C/kg.
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Just before a lightning strike, a negative charge within the cloud creates a stepped leader, which moves towards the ground. As it approaches, the ground's positive charge forms an upward streamer. When the stepped leader and upward streamer connect, a powerful electrical discharge occurs, creating the lightning strike from the cloud to the ground.

Just before a lightning strike, the negative charge within the cloud separates from the positive charge, creating an electric field. This electric field becomes strong enough to ionize the air molecules between the cloud and the ground, creating a conductive path for the negative charge to travel to the positively charged ground. This is what causes the lightning bolt to shoot down from the cloud to the ground, resulting in a lightning strike.

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The efficiency of the lifting process is: η = U/W = mgh/Pt

In this case, the useful work output is the gravitational potential energy gained by the weight, which is given by:

U = mgh

The total work input is the power output multiplied by the time taken, which is given by:

W = Pt

where P is the power output and t is the time taken.

Therefore, the efficiency of the lifting process is:

η = U/W = mgh/Pt

Assuming no frictional losses, all the power output by Jamie goes into lifting the weight, so the efficiency is solely dependent on the work done and the power output.

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--The complete Question is, If Jamie lifts a weight of mass m a distance of h in time t with a power output of P, what is the efficiency of the lifting process? (Assuming no frictional losses) --

If an electric field wave oscillates north and south, and the wave is traveling straight up then magnetic field wave oscillate Up and down, Hence option D is correct.

An antenna is a metallic structure that produce or/and receives electromagnetic waves it is available in different shapes. There are different types of antennas which are Short Dipole antenna, Dipole antenna, Loop antenna, Monopole antenna.

when input of the Dipole antenna is connected to the electric signals having certain frequency. Due to change in the electric signal, there is fluctuation in polarity of dipoles in dipole antenna and that change in the dipole produces electromagnetic wave.

When electric field oscillates, magnetic field wave is produced in the direction perpendicular to the oscillation. Hence option D is correct.

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Answer:

The object would continue to move upwards at the same angle.

Explanation:

Gravity is (generally) the only force acting on an object. To take this away, you would have no forces acting on the object.

According to Newton's 1st Law, it would therefore continue moving indefinitely.

I hope this helps!

It doesn't change.

A heavily loaded boat floating in a pond. The boat starts to sink due to a leak, but quick action plugging the leak stops it from going under, even though it is now deeper in the water. You want to know what happens to the surface level of the pond. The correct answer is:

c. It stays the same.

When the boat is floating, it displaces an amount of water equal to its weight. When it starts to sink and is quickly plugged, it still displaces the same amount of water, but now in a different form (partly submerged). Since the total displaced water volume stays the same, the surface level of the pond remains unchanged.

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Rigel has a larger surface area than Sirius B due to its higher luminosity. Option B is the correct answer.

The Stefan-Boltzmann law relates the luminosity, radius, temperature, and surface area of a star. If two stars have the same temperature but one is more luminous than the other, we can use this law to determine which star has the larger surface area.

The formula shows that luminosity is proportional to the surface area, so if one star is much more luminous than the other, it must have a larger surface area, L = 4πR²σ[tex]T^4[/tex]. In this case, Rigel is much more luminous than Sirius B, so we can conclude that Rigel has a greater surface area.

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The question is -

Rigel is much more luminous than Sirius B. Rigel and Sirius B has the same temperature.

Which star has the greater surface area?

a) Rigel

b) Sirius B

c) They have the same surface area.

d) There is insufficient information to answer this question

The skier's velocity will increase continuously as they ski down the hill with a constant slope and negligible friction.

As the skier begins skiing straight down a hill with a constant slope and negligible friction, their velocity will increase due to the force of gravity. The skier will continue to accelerate until they reach the bottom of the hill, at which point their velocity will be at a maximum.

Throughout the skier's descent, their potential energy will be converted to kinetic energy. At the top of the hill, the skier has a high potential energy due to their position above the ground. As the skier descends the hill, their potential energy decreases while their kinetic energy increases. The total energy (the sum of potential and kinetic energy) of the skier remains constant, assuming there is no work done by any other forces besides gravity.

Since friction is negligible, there will be no external forces acting on the skier other than gravity, and the skier's motion will be determined solely by their initial position and the slope of the hill. Therefore, the skier's velocity will increase at a constant rate as they descend the hill, and they will continue to accelerate until they reach the bottom of the hill.

So, the skier's velocity will increase continuously as they ski down the hill with a constant slope and negligible friction.

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When a stone is whirled in a vertical circle on a cord, halfway up the circle, the tension in the cord will be equal to the weight of the stone.

This is because at this point, the centrifugal force acting on the stone is equal to its weight, resulting in a balance of forces. As the stone continues to move upwards, the tension in the cord will decrease until it reaches its minimum at the highest point of the circle, where the centrifugal force is zero. At this point, the stone will experience its maximum gravitational potential energy before descending back down the circle.

What is vertical circle?

A vertical circle is a path that follows a vertical line in a three-dimensional space. It is a type of circular trajectory, with the center point of the circle vertically above or below the starting and ending points of the path. Vertical circles are used in mathematics and engineering to describe the motion of objects in space. The path of a vertical circle is a helix, which is a spiral with a constant radius, and can be defined by a parametric equation. Vertical circles can be used to define the motion of a satellite, or an aircraft in a corkscrew maneuver. In terms of physics, a vertical circle is an example of a non-uniform circular motion, as the speed of the object changes throughout the path.

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If two adjacent frequencies of an organ pipe closed at one end are 550 Hz and 650 Hz, the 1.70 m long organ pipe is used. Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.

The adjacent frequencies of an organ pipe closed at one end are given as 550 Hz and 650 Hz.

[tex]\frac{f_n}{f_{n+1}}=\frac{550}{650}=\frac{11}{13}[/tex]

Therefore, we can also conclude that the fundamental frequency is 50Hz in the given situation

The fundamental frequency is calculated by [tex]f_o=\frac{v}{4L}[/tex]

where [tex]f_o[/tex] is the fundamental frequency

v is the velocity of sound

and L is the length of the organ pipe

Therefore, [tex]50 = \frac{340}{4L}[/tex]

4L = 6.8

L = 1.70 m

Thus, the length of the organ pipe is 1.70 m

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A main-sequence B star consumes hydrogen at a faster rate than the Sun due to its higher luminosity and temperature.

A main-sequence B star, which is a hot and bright star, consumes hydrogen at a rate that is substantially higher than that of the Sun. The nuclear fusion events in the cores of B stars are more active because they are more massive and hotter than the Sun.

In comparison to the Sun, which is a smaller and colder star, this causes a quicker depletion of hydrogen fuel, resulting in shorter lives for B stars.

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The root-mean-square velocity of an ideal gas is given by:

v_rms = √(3kT/m)

where k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature, and m is the molecular mass of the gas.

Since the gases are at thermal equilibrium, they have the same temperature T. Therefore, the ratio of their root-mean-square velocities is:

vX,rms/vY,rms = √(3kT/mX) / √(3kT/mY)

Canceling the common factors of 3kT in the numerator and denominator, we get:

vX,rms/vY,rms = √(mY/mX)

Substituting the given ratio of molecular masses, we get:

vX,rms/vY,rms = √(mY/9mY) = 1/3

Therefore, the ratio of root-mean-square velocities of the two gases is 1/3, or vX,rms/vY,rms = 1/3.

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