For each of the following compounds, decide whether the compound's solubility in aqueous solution changes with pH. If the solubility does change, pick the pH at which you'd expect the highest solubility. You'll find Ksp data in the ALEKS Data tab.


compound Does solubility change with pH? highest solubility pH = 5 | pH = 7. PH | pH = 8


NaBr Васо, OOOOO Сасі, X 5 ? Formula BaCrO4 BaSO4 CaCO3 CaF2 Co(OH)2 CuBr CuCO3 Fe(OH)2 POCO3 PbCr04 PbF2 Mg(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 AgBroz A92CO3 AgCI Ag2 CrO4 SrCO3 ZnCO3 Zn(OH)2 AgBr Aucl Ksp 1. 17x10-10 1. 08x10-10 3. 36x10-9 3. 45x10-11 5. 92x10-15 6. 27x10-9 1. 4x10-10 4. 87x10-17 7. 40x10-14 2. 8x10-13 3. 3x10-8 5. 61x10-12 5. 48x10-16 5. 38x10-5 8. 46x10-12 1. 77x10-10 1. 12x10-12 5. 60x10-10 1. 46x10-10 3. 0x10-17 5. 35x 10-13 1. 77x10-10

To solve this problem, we need to use the pH formula:

pH = -log[H+]

where [H+] represents the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter (M).

To find [H+], we can rearrange the formula:

[H+] = 10^(-pH)

Substituting pH = 3.69, we get:

[H+] = 10^(-3.69) = 2.21 × 10^(-4) M

Since hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, it completely dissociates in water to give hydrogen ions and chloride ions:

HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Therefore, the concentration of hydrochloric acid required to give a solution with a pH of 3.69 is also 2.21 × 10^(-4) M.

(i) The number of moles per litre of excess hydrochloric acid that reacted with sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is 0.2.

(ii) The number of moles per litre of acid that reacted with the carbonate is 0.04.

(iii) The number of moles of carbonate, MCO, that reacted with the acid is 0.008.

(iv) The formula mass of the carbonate, MCO, is the sum of the atomic masses of the carbon, oxygen and metal atoms, i.e., MCO, M + 12 + 16 = M + 28.

(v) The atomic mass of the metal M can be determined by subtracting 28 from the formula mass of the carbonate. Thus, M = formula mass of MCO - 28.

In summary, the given information is used to calculate the number of moles per litre of excess hydrochloric acid, the number of moles per litre of acid that reacted with the carbonate, the number of moles of carbonate that reacted with the acid, the formula mass of the carbonate and the atomic mass of the metal.

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Predicting the substances with the highest volatility, the substances you've provided are ethanol (CH3CH2OH), benzene (C6H6), dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), and water (H2O). Among these, dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) has the highest volatility. This is because volatility is directly related to the strength of intermolecular forces.

Dimethyl ether has weak Van der Waals forces, making it easier for molecules to evaporate from the liquid phase to the gas phase. Ethanol and water both have hydrogen bonding, while benzene has stronger dispersion forces, resulting in lower volatility for these substances.

For the substances with the highest surface tension, the provided substances are water (H2O), methane (CH4), dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), and methanol (CH3OH). Among these, water (H2O) has the highest surface tension. Surface tension arises from the imbalance of intermolecular forces near the surface of a liquid.

Water has strong hydrogen bonding, causing the molecules at the surface to be attracted to each other, creating a high surface tension. Methane has weak Van der Waals forces, while dimethyl ether and methanol have intermediate forces between hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces, resulting in lower surface tensions for these substances.

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Open clusters:

Globular clusters:

Clusters are collections of stars that are gravitationally connected to one another and close to one another in astronomy. Open clusters and globular clusters are the two basic categories into which they can be separated.

While globular clusters are collections of much older stars that are tightly bound together into a spherical shape, open clusters are collections of much younger stars that are relatively loosely bound together.

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The temperature of the gas when the volume of the container increases to 1074 mL is 358.15 K or 85.0°C

The behavior of gases is affected by several factors including temperature, pressure, and volume. One important principle that applies to gases is that they tend to occupy the entire volume of their container. Therefore, if the volume of the container increases, the gas will occupy more space.

In this particular scenario, the gas initially occupies 900 mL at a temperature of 27.0°C. When the volume of the container increases to 1074 mL, we need to determine the corresponding temperature of the gas. To do this, we can use the formula:

(V1/T1) = (V2/T2)

Where V1 and T1 represent the initial volume and temperature of the gas, respectively, and V2 and T2 represent the final volume and temperature of the gas, respectively.

Substituting the given values into the formula, we get:

(900/300.15) = (1074/T2)

Simplifying the equation, we can cross-multiply and solve for T2:

900T2 = 1074 x 300.15

T2 = 1074 x 300.15 / 900

T2 = 358.15 K

Therefore, the temperature of the gas when the volume of the container increases to 1074 mL is 358.15 K or 85.0°C (rounded to one decimal place).

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To determine experimentally if a reaction is exothermic, a student should use a calorimeter. A calorimeter is a device used to measure the heat exchange during a chemical reaction, enabling the student to identify if the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. In an exothermic reaction, heat is released, causing the temperature of the surroundings to increase.

To perform the experiment, follow these steps:

1. Choose the appropriate chemical reaction to test.
2. Prepare the calorimeter by placing a known amount of water in the calorimeter's inner container.
3. Measure and record the initial temperature of the water.
4. Add the reactants (in their appropriate amounts) to the water, and quickly seal the calorimeter to minimize heat loss to the surroundings.
5. Stir the mixture gently to ensure proper mixing and heat distribution.
6. Monitor the temperature change of the water over time, recording the highest temperature reached.
7. Calculate the amount of heat released or absorbed by the reaction using the formula: q = mcΔT, where q is heat, m is the mass of water, c is the specific heat capacity of water, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
8. If the heat calculated is positive and the temperature increased, the reaction is exothermic; if negative and the temperature decreased, the reaction is endothermic.

In conclusion, a student should use a calorimeter to experimentally determine if a reaction is exothermic, as it allows for the accurate measurement of heat exchange and can indicate whether heat is released or absorbed during the reaction.

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Lead (Pb) is able to react with different elements because it has a relatively low ionization energy, which means that it requires less energy to remove an electron from a lead atom compared to other elements.

Low ionization energy makes it more likely for lead to form compounds with other elements by giving up electrons or sharing them in covalent bonds. Additionally, lead has a relatively high atomic mass, which makes it more likely to form ionic compounds with lighter elements that have lower atomic masses.

The ability of lead to react with different elements also depends on the specific conditions under which the reaction occurs, such as temperature, pressure, and the presence of other reactants or catalysts.

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Answer: The answer is 2.50g.

I hope this helps and have a great day!

If volcanic eruptions were to stop occurring on the seafloor, future island chains would no longer be formed.

This is because most island chains are formed by a geological process called plate tectonics, which involves the movement of tectonic plates and the formation of new crust at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic activity.

At mid-ocean ridges, magma rises from the mantle and solidifies to form new crust, pushing the existing crust away from the ridge.

Over time, this process can create a chain of volcanic islands as the tectonic plate moves across the hotspot, with the oldest islands being farthest from the hotspot and the youngest islands being closest.

Without volcanic eruptions on the seafloor, there would be no new crust formation and no movement of tectonic plates to create island chains.

Over time, the existing islands would be eroded and weathered by natural processes such as wind and water, and their size and shape would change.

However, it's worth noting that volcanic eruptions are not the only way that islands can form. For example, islands can also be formed through the uplift of existing land due to geological processes such as tectonic uplift or the rebound of land following the retreat of a glacier.

However, these processes typically occur over much longer time scales than volcanic island formation at mid-ocean ridges.

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The final temperature is 49.2 degrees Celsius.

To find the final temperature, we can use the formula:

Q = mcΔT

where Q represents the amount of heat energy measured in calories (450.5 calories), m represents the mass of the substance in grams (89.6 grams), c represents the specific heat capacity in calories per gram per degree Celsius (0.215 calories/gram degree Celsius), and ΔT represents the change in temperature.

First, we need to find the change in temperature (ΔT):

450.5 calories = (89.6 grams) * (0.215 calories/gram degree Celsius) * ΔT

Now, we can solve for ΔT:

ΔT = 450.5 calories / [(89.6 grams) * (0.215 calories/gram degree Celsius)] ≈ 23.5 degrees Celsius

Since we know the initial temperature (25.7 degrees Celsius), we can find the final temperature:

Final temperature = Initial temperature + ΔT = 25.7 degrees Celsius + 23.5 degrees Celsius ≈ 49.2 degrees Celsius

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The method used to find the volume of acid that reacts with a known volume of alkali is called acid-base titration.

In this method, a solution of known concentration (the titrant) is slowly added to a solution of unknown concentration (the analyte) until the reaction between the two is complete.

The point at which the reaction is complete is determined using an indicator or by measuring the pH of the solution. The volume of titrant required to reach this point is used to calculate the concentration of the analyte solution.

The method is widely used in analytical chemistry to determine the concentration of acids, bases, and other reactive substances in solution.

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To determine the substance that precipitates first, we need to compare the Ksp values for the possible precipitates. The ionic equation for the reaction is:

AgNO3 + Pb(CH3COO)2 + 2NaI → AgI↓ + PbI2↓ + 2NaNO3 + 2CH3COONa

The Ksp expression for AgI is:

Ksp = [Ag+][I-]

The Ksp expression for PbI2 is:

Ksp = [Pb2+][I-]2

The solubility product constant (Ksp) for AgI is 8.5 × 10^-17 and the Ksp for PbI2 is 1.4 × 10^-8.

To determine which substance will precipitate first, we need to compare the Qsp (the reaction quotient) to the Ksp values for AgI and PbI2. At the point of precipitation, Qsp = Ksp.

For AgI:

Qsp = [Ag+][I-] = (1.30×10^-2)(2x) = 2.60x10^-2

For PbI2:

Qsp = [Pb2+][I-]2 = (6.45×10^-3)(2x)^2 = 2.58x10^-2

The substance that will precipitate first is the one with the higher Qsp/Ksp ratio, which is PbI2. Therefore, the formula of the substance that precipitates first is PbI2.

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1.44 liters of 0.125 M [tex]KMnO4[/tex] solution is required to yield 0.180 mol of [tex]KMnO4[/tex].

To determine the volume of 0.125 M [tex]KMnO4[/tex] solution required to yield 0.180 mol of [tex]KMnO4[/tex], we can use the following formula:

moles = concentration x volume

We can rearrange this formula to solve for volume:

volume = moles / concentration

First, we can calculate the volume of 0.125 M [tex]KMnO4[/tex] solution that contains 0.180 moles of [tex]KMnO4[/tex]:

volume = moles / concentration

volume = 0.180 mol / 0.125 mol/L

volume = 1.44 L

Therefore, 1.44 liters of 0.125 M [tex]KMnO4[/tex] solution is required to yield 0.180 mol of [tex]KMnO4[/tex].

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The new volume, by using Gay-Lussac's Law, of the balloon after being placed in the freezer would be 1.3 L.

Gay-Lussac’s Law, also known as the pressure-temperature law, states that the pressure and temperature of a gas are directly proportional to each other, provided that the volume and the amount of gas remain constant.

This law is represented mathematically as P1/T1 = P2/T2, where P1 and T1 represent the initial pressure and temperature, and P2 and T2 represent the final pressure and temperature.

In this case, we can use Gay-Lussac’s Law to determine the new volume of the balloon after being placed in the freezer. Since the amount of gas and the volume remain constant, we can rearrange the equation to solve for the new volume.

First, we need to convert the temperatures to Kelvin (K) since the equation requires absolute temperature. To do this, we add 273.15 to the given temperatures. Therefore, the initial temperature (25oC) is 298.15 K, and the final temperature (-20oC) is 253.15 K.

Using the equation P1/T1 = P2/T2, we can solve for the new pressure at the final temperature:

P2 = P1(T2/T1) = (1 atm)(253.15 K/298.15 K) = 0.85 atm

Now that we have the final pressure, we can use the ideal gas law to determine the new volume:

PV = nRT

V2 = (nRT2)/P2

Assuming that the amount of gas and the gas constant (R) remain constant, we can simplify the equation to:

V2/V1 = T2/T1(P2/P1)

Plugging in the given values, we get:

V2/2.0 L = (253.15 K)/(298.15 K)(0.85 atm)/(1 atm)

Simplifying this equation, we get:

V2 = 1.3 L

Therefore, the new volume of the balloon after being placed in the freezer would be 1.3 L.

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To differentiate between AgCl(s) and PbCl₂(s), we can use a reagent that reacts differently with each compound. One such reagent is a solution of ammonia (NH₃).

When ammonia is added to AgCl(s), it will dissolve the solid and form a colorless, soluble complex ion, [Ag(NH₃)2]+. This is because AgCl is soluble in ammonia due to the formation of the complex ion.

AgCl(s) + 2NH₂(aq) → [Ag(NH₃)2]+(aq) + Cl^-(aq)

On the other hand, when ammonia is added to PbCl₂(s), it will not dissolve the solid, and there will be no observable reaction. This is because PbCl₂ is not soluble in ammonia, and the complex ion does not form.

PbCl₂(s) + 2NH₃(aq) → No observable reaction

Therefore, the addition of ammonia to the test tube containing the white solid will help differentiate between AgCl and PbCl₂.

If the solid is AgCl, it will dissolve in the ammonia solution and form a colorless complex ion, while if the solid is PbCl₂, there will be no observable reaction.

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0.70 g of CuCl₂ • 2 H₂O reacts completely with 0.48 g of Al. The molar ratio of CuCl₂ • 2 H₂O to Al is 1:2. The reaction completes without any excess reactant.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between CuCl₂ • 2 H2O and Al is:

3CuCl₂ • 2 H₂O + 2Al → 3Cu + 2AlCl₃ + 6H₂O

From the equation, we can see that 3 moles of CuCl₂ • 2 H₂O react with 2 moles of Al. We need to find the amount of Al required to react completely with 0.70 g of CuCl₂ • 2 H₂O.

1 mole of CuCl₂ • 2 H₂O has a mass of (63.55 + 2 x 35.45 + 2 x 18.02) g = 170.48 g

0.70 g of CuCl₂ • 2 H₂O is equal to 0.70/170.48 = 0.0041 moles of CuCl₂ • 2 H₂O

From the balanced equation, we can see that 3 moles of CuCl₂ • 2 H₂O react with 2 moles of Al.

Therefore, the moles of Al required is (2/3) x 0.0041 = 0.0027 moles.

The molar mass of Al is 26.98 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of Al required is:

0.0027 moles x 26.98 g/mol = 0.073 g

Therefore, 0.073 g of Al should be used to complete the reaction without either reactant being in excess.

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Complete question :

If we began the experiment with 0.70 g of CuCl₂ • 2 H₂O, according to the stoichiometry of the reaction, how much Al should be used to complete the reaction without either reactant being in excess? Show your calculations.

We can use the equation:

q(zinc) = -q(water)

where q(zinc) is the heat lost by the zinc and q(water) is the heat gained by the water.

q(zinc) = m(zinc) × C(zinc) × ΔT

where m(zinc) is the mass of zinc, C(zinc) is the specific heat of zinc, and ΔT is the temperature change of the zinc.

The heat gained by the water :

q(water) = m(water) × C(water) × ΔT

where m(water) is the mass of water, C(water) is the specific heat of water, and ΔT is the temperature change of the water.

Since the calorimeter is assumed to be perfectly insulated, we can assume that the heat lost by the zinc is equal to the heat gained by the water:

m(zinc) × C(zinc) × ΔT = m(water) × C(water) × ΔT

m(zinc) × C(zinc) = m(water) × C(water)

2.50 g × 0.390 J/g°C = 60.0 g × 4.184 J/g°C

ΔT = q(water) / (m(water) × C(water))

= (2.50 g × 0.390 J/g°C) / (60.0 g × 4.184 J/g°C)

= 0.00916°C

Since we know the initial temperature of the water is 20.00°C, we can use the formula for temperature change:

ΔT = final temperature - initial temperature

Rearranging this formula, we get:

initial temperature = final temperature - ΔT

Substituting the given values, we get:

initial temperature = 20.00°C - 0.00916°C

= 19.99084°C

Therefore, the initial temperature of the zinc metal sample was approximately 19.99°C.

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The mass of the corresponding sodium salt of the conjugate base needed to make a buffer with a pH of 2.08.

To determine the mass of the corresponding sodium salt of the conjugate base needed to make a buffer with a pH of 2.08, you can follow these steps:

1. Identify the given information:
  - Initial volume of acid solution: 500 mL
  - Initial concentration of acid solution: 0.10 M
  - Desired pH: 2.08

2. Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
  pH = pKa + log ([conjugate base]/[acid])

3. Assuming the acid is a weak monoprotic acid (HA) and its conjugate base is A-, determine the pKa:
  pKa = pH - log ([A-]/[HA])

4. Calculate the ratio of [A-] to [HA]:
  [A-]/[HA] = 10^(pH-pKa)

5. Calculate the moles of HA in the 500 mL of 0.10 M solution:
  moles of HA = (volume x concentration) = 500 mL x 0.10 mol/L = 0.050 mol

6. Calculate the moles of A- needed:
  moles of A- = moles of HA x ([A-]/[HA]) ratio

7. Determine the molar mass of the sodium salt of the conjugate base (A-) using the molecular formula.

8. Calculate the mass of the sodium salt of the conjugate base:
  mass = moles of A- x molar mass of A-

By following these steps, you will be able to determine the mass of the corresponding sodium salt of the conjugate base needed to make a buffer with a pH of 2.08.

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Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius per unit of mass.

To determine the specific heat capacity of 1.0g of yam, we can use a simple equation:

q = m × c × ΔT

where q is the amount of heat required, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

To measure the specific heat capacity of yam, we would first need to heat the yam to a known temperature, and then measure the amount of heat required to raise its temperature by a certain amount.

For example, we could heat 1.0g of yam to 25°C and then place it in a known amount of water at a lower temperature, such as 20°C. We could then measure the change in temperature of the water and calculate the amount of heat required to heat the yam.

By rearranging the equation above, we can solve for c:

c = q / (m × ΔT)

We can then substitute in the values we measured and calculate the specific heat capacity of the yam. This process can be repeated several times to obtain an average value for the specific heat capacity of yam.

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To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law formula, which relates the initial and final states of a gas:

V1/T1 = V2/T2
Where:
V1 = initial volume = 2.5 L
T1 = initial temperature = 273 K (since STP is 0°C, which is 273 K)
V2 = final volume (what we need to find)
T2 = final temperature = 373 K

Rearrange the formula to find V2:
V2 = V1 * (T2 / T1)
Substitute the known values:
V2 = 2.5 L * (373 K / 273 K)
V2 ≈ 3.42 L
So, the new volume of the gas when the temperature is raised to 373 K and the pressure remains constant will be approximately 3.42 L.

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The mass of iron(III) sulfate comes out to be 899.73 g, the calculations are shown below.

Considering, the moles of Fe₂(SO₄)₃ to be 2.25 moles.

Molar mass of Fe₂(SO₄)₃ = 399.88 g/mol.

To calculate the number of moles, the below formula is used-

Number of moles = Mass/molar mass

Substituting the known values in the above equation as follows-

2.25 moles = Mass / 399.88 g/mol

Mass = 2.25 moles  x 399.88 g/mol

         = 899.73 g

Therefore, the mass of iron(III) sulfate comes out to be 899.73 g.

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Answer is B) 1:2

The electron configuration of magnesium is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2, which means it has two valence electrons that it can lose to form a cation with a +2 charge.

The electron configuration of sulfur is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4, which means it has six valence electrons that it can gain to form an anion with a -2 charge.

Since magnesium can form a cation with a +2 charge and sulfur can form an anion with a -2 charge, the ratio of metal cationic (+) atom to nonmetal anionic (-) atom in the compound will be 1:2. Therefore, the answer is b. 1:2.

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The weight/volume percentage of sodium acetate in the solution is 4.6%.

The weight/volume percentage of sodium acetate in the solution can be calculated using the formula:
Weight/volume percentage = (Weight of solute ÷ Volume of solution) x 100%

In this case, the weight of sodium acetate is 13.8 grams and the volume of solution is 300 ml.

Therefore,
Weight/volume percentage = (13.8 g ÷ 300 ml) x 100%
Weight/volume percentage = 0.046 x 100%
Weight/volume percentage = 4.6%

Therefore, the weight/volume percentage of sodium acetate in the solution is 4.6%.

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The pH after adding 50 mL of 0.35 M HCl to a flask containing 50 mL of 0.75 M NaOH is approximately 12.68.

1. Calculate moles of NaOH: moles = M x V = 0.75 M x 0.05 L = 0.0375 moles

2. Calculate moles of HCl: moles = M x V = 0.35 M x 0.05 L = 0.0175 moles

3. Determine moles of excess OH-: moles = moles of NaOH - moles of HCl = 0.0375 - 0.0175 = 0.02 moles

4. Calculate the concentration of excess OH-: [OH-] = moles / total volume = 0.02 moles / 0.1 L = 0.2 M

5. Determine the pOH: pOH = -log10[OH-] = -log10(0.2) = 0.699

6. Calculate the pH: pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - 0.699 ≈ 12.68

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The total number of moles of gas present in the three 3.0 L sealed flasks containing helium, argon, and xenon respectively, if each flask is at a pressure of 878 mmHg, is 0.447 mol.

To calculate the total number of moles of gas present in the three flasks, we can use the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

First, we need to convert pressure from millimeters of mercury to atmospheres.

1 atm = 760 mmHg

878 mmHg = 1.153 atm

We can calculate number of moles of gas:

For the helium flask:

[tex]n(He) = (1.153 atm) * (3.0 L) / [(0.08206 L.atm/K.mol) * (273.15 K)] \\n(He) = 0.149 mol[/tex]

For the argon flask:

[tex]n(Ar) = (1.153 atm) *(3.0 L) / [(0.08206 L.atm/K.mol) * (273.15 K)] \\n(Ar) = 0.149 mol[/tex]

For the xenon flask:

[tex]n(Xe) = (1.153 atm) * (3.0 L) / [(0.08206 L.atm/K.mol) * (273.15 K)] \\n(Xe) = 0.149 mol[/tex]

Finally, we can add up the number of moles of gas in each flask to find  total number of moles of gas:

[tex]n(total) = n(He) + n(Ar) + n(Xe) \\n(total) = 0.149 mol + 0.149 mol + 0.149 mol \\n(total) = 0.447 mol[/tex]

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--The complete Question is, What is the total number of moles of gas present in the three 3.0 L sealed flasks containing helium (He), argon (Ar), and xenon (Xe) respectively if each flask is at a pressure of 878 mmHg?--

Answer:

i. 0.50 mol CO2

ii. 332.94g CaCl2

Explanation:

CaCO3 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

i. 36.5g HCl * 1 mol HCl/36.46g HCl * 1 mol CO2/2 mol HCl  = 0.50 mol CO2

ii. 3 mol CaCO3 * 1 mol CaCl2/1 mol CaCO3 * 110.98g CaCl2/1 mol CaCl2 = 332.94g CaCl2

Testing done in lab exercises can be valuable in real-world situations by ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of products and identifying potential flaws or weaknesses before they go to market.

Testing, such as that done in this lab exercise, can be incredibly valuable in real-world situations. For example, the lab exercise may involve testing the durability or strength of a particular material or product. This type of testing can be useful in real-world situations when designing and manufacturing new products. By testing the durability and strength of a material or product, designers and manufacturers can ensure that their products are safe and reliable for consumers to use. Additionally, testing can help identify potential flaws or weaknesses in a product before it goes to market, which can save companies time and money in the long run. Overall, testing is a crucial component of product development and can help ensure that products meet the needs and expectations of consumers.

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The initial volume is 15.36 L when the pressure changes from 101.3 kPₐ to 1.92 atm, and the final volume is 8.0 L, assuming constant temperature and number of moles.

To find the initial volume in liters when the pressure changes from 101.3 kPₐ to 1.92 atm, and the final volume is 8.0 L. We will assume constant temperature and number of moles.

Step 1: Convert the initial pressure to atm.
1 atm = 101.325 kPₐ, so:
(101.3 kPₐ) × (1 atm / 101.325 kPₐ) = 1.000 atm (approximately)

Step 2: Apply Boyle's Law, which states that P₁×V₁ = P₂×V₂ when temperature and moles are constant.
P₁ = 1.000 atm
P₂ = 1.92 atm
V₂ = 8.0 L

Step 3: Solve for the initial volume, V₁.
1.000 atm × V₁ = 1.92 atm × 8.0 L
V₁ = (1.92 atm * 8.0 L) / 1.000 atm
V₁ = 15.36 L

The initial volume is 15.36 L when the pressure changes from 101.3kPₐ to 1.92 atm, and the final volume is 8.0 L, assuming constant temperature and number of moles.

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Conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct electricity, which is determined by the flow of charged particles. The correct answer is Option: 1.

The ability to conduct electricity does not depend on the size or shape of the material, but rather on its chemical composition and the mobility of its charged particles. On the other hand, width (Option 2), volume (Option 3), and mass (Option 4) are all size-dependent properties. Width and volume are directly proportional to the size of an object, while mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, which is also size-dependent. Hence option 1 is correct.

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--The complete Question is, Which property is size-independent?

1. conductivity

2. width

3. volume

4. mass​--