For a sequence of mRNA, there are three reading frames possible.
The genetic information in DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. The mRNA sequence is read in groups of three nucleotides called codons.
Each codon specifies a particular amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain during translation. However, the reading frame, or the grouping of nucleotides into codons, can be shifted by one or two nucleotides, resulting in a different amino acid sequence.
Thus, for a given mRNA sequence, there are three possible reading frames, one for each possible starting position of the codon triplets. The correct reading frame is established by the start codon, AUG, which codes for the amino acid methionine and signals the beginning of translation. If the reading frame is shifted, the resulting protein may be completely different, leading to a frameshift mutation.
Therefore, the three possible reading frames of mRNA are crucial for the accurate translation of genetic information into proteins.
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can you please help me with this qn
Answer:
A cell is capable of carrying out all life processes, such as nutrition, excretion, respiration, etc. Hence it is called as the functional unit of life.
The cell is the smallest unit of life and all the living beings are made up of cells. Hence a cell is called the structural unit of life.
During crossing over, _______ pairs exchange pieces, so that each sibling has a different combination of ____________
During crossing over, homologous pairs exchange pieces, so that each sibling has a different combination of genetic material.
This process is an important part of the diversity of living organisms. It occurs during meiosis, when homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of their genetic material, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is random, meaning that each time a pair of homologous chromosomes cross over, the resulting offspring have a different combination of alleles.
Crossing over is an important process for the evolution of species, as it allows for the variation of genetic traits among siblings. It also helps to increase genetic diversity within a population, which increases the chances of successful adaptations to changing environments.
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Develop a cej (claim, evidence, justification) from the following question: field mice have an either tan, black or white back and are prey to hawks. if the mouse lives in a hay field (mainly tan), which mouse will have the best chance of living and passing on its genes based on our experiment today?
Claim: The mice with tan backs will have the best chance of living and passing on their genes in a hay field.
Evidence: The experiment conducted today showed that mice with tan backs were more camouflaged and had a higher chance of avoiding predators than mice with black or white backs. The tan mice were able to blend in with the hay and avoid being seen by predators such as hawks.
Justification: Since the experiment showed that mice with tan backs had a higher chance of avoiding predators, it can be concluded that they will have a better chance of surviving and passing on their genes in a hay field. This is because they are more adapted to their environment and have a better chance of avoiding predators, allowing them to reproduce and pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring.
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PLEASE ANSWER FAST 100 PTS
In this assignment, you will use, evaluate, and improve a simulation to highlight human impact on coral
reef ecosystems. Then you will propose and evaluate real-world solutions to reduce the negative effects
of human activity on this ecosystem and its biodiversity
In order to complete this assignment, you will need to follow a few steps. First, you will need to use the simulation to understand the human impact on coral reef ecosystems. This will involve evaluating the simulation and identifying areas where human activity is having a negative effect on the ecosystem and its biodiversity.
Once you have a good understanding of the simulation, you can then propose and evaluate real-world solutions to reduce the negative effects of human activity on the ecosystem. These solutions may include things like reducing pollution and overfishing, implementing stricter regulations on coastal development, and increasing public awareness about the importance of coral reef conservation.
As you evaluate these solutions, it will be important to consider their feasibility and effectiveness in real-world settings. You may also want to consider the potential costs and benefits of each solution.
Overall, this assignment is an opportunity to explore the complex relationship between humans and coral reef ecosystems, and to think critically about ways we can reduce our negative impact on these important ecosystems.
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There were 2 rainstorms in sinai last month . before storm 1, the air the surface was 21° c. before storm 2 , the air temperature at the surface was 29° c . the temperature of areas surrounding sinai was the same before both storms . there was the same amount of water vapor in the air parcels before both storms. which would habe more rainfall?
The second storm would likely have more rainfall. This is because warmer air can hold more moisture than cooler air, and therefore has a higher capacity for precipitation.
Since the air temperature was higher before the second storm, it is likely that the air contained more moisture and could produce more rainfall.
Additionally, the difference in temperature between the two storms may indicate a difference in atmospheric conditions, such as the presence of a weather system or instability, which could also affect rainfall.
However, other factors such as wind patterns and topography could also play a role in determining the amount of rainfall.
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What could have caused the size of the moon jelly population to increase?
Claim 1: A change to the size of the algae population caused the jelly population to increase.
Claim 2: A change to the size of the walleye pollock population caused the jelly population to increase.
1-State your claim. You can support one or both claims.
2-Describe your evidence.
3-Make your argument as convincing as possible by making sure you explain how your evidence supports your claim or claims
I believe both claims are valid, as a change in the size of the algae and walleye pollock populations could have caused an increase in the size of the moon jelly population.
The evidence to support this is that moon jellies feed on both algae and walleye pollock, so an increase in the size of these populations could have provided an increased food source for the moon jelly population.
Furthermore, as both algae and walleye pollock are abundant in the ocean, an increase in the availability of these food sources could have enabled the moon jelly population to grow larger.
In addition, moon jellies have a relatively short lifespan, which means that any increase in the availability of food sources could have increased the number of jellies that were able to survive and reproduce.
Therefore, an increase in the size of the algae or walleye pollock populations could have created an ideal environment for the moon jelly population to thrive.
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Achondroplasia, a form of dwarfism, is inherited as a dominant
condition (a). what is the probability of two heterozygous dwarfs
having normal height children?
The probability of two heterozygous dwarf parents having normal height children is 25%. This is because Achondroplasia is a dominant condition and is caused by a mutation in the FGFR3 gene.
This mutation causes a faulty form of the protein to be produced, which causes the dwarf phenotype.
When two heterozygous (carriers of the mutant form of the gene) parents have a child, there is a 25% chance that the child will inherit two copies of the mutant gene and will be a dwarf, a 50% chance that the child will inherit one copy of the mutant gene and be a carrier, and a 25% chance that the child will inherit two copies of the normal gene and have normal height.
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2. Sam and Jerry are having a discussion in their Environmental Science class. Sam
says that abiotic factors determine what biotic factors can be in an ecosystem. Jerry
says that biotic factors determine what abiotic factors can be in an ecosystem. Who
is correct? Use an example to support your answer. (2 points)
says that abiotic factors determine what biotic factors can be in an ecosystem. Jerry
Which solution does not represent a long term goal and cost consideration
When it comes to achieving long-term goals and cost considerations, it's important for organizations to make strategic decisions that will have a positive impact on both their financial bottom line and their overall sustainability. Here option C is the correct answer.
Cutting employee benefits and salaries does not align with these goals. While it may result in short-term cost savings, it can have negative long-term consequences such as decreased employee morale and productivity, and increased employee turnover. Additionally, it may harm the company's reputation and ability to attract and retain top talent.
On the other hand, options A, B, and D are all strategic decisions that align with long-term goals and cost considerations. Implementing sustainable practices can help reduce operational costs over time and improve the company's environmental impact.
Investing in energy-efficient technology can result in significant long-term cost savings and demonstrate a commitment to sustainability. Developing a long-term financial plan can help ensure the organization is financially stable and sustainable over time.
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Complete question:
Which of the following options does not align with long-term goals and cost considerations?
A) Implementing sustainable practices in business operations
B) Investing in energy-efficient technology
C) Cutting employee benefits and salaries
D) Developing a long-term financial plan
(T/F) males produce gametes continuously while females are born with all of the gametes that they will ever have.
Answer:
Explanation:
False.
Males and females both produce gametes continuously, but the processes by which they do so are different. In males, the production of sperm occurs continuously throughout their reproductive lives, with millions of new sperm being produced every day through a process called spermatogenesis. In females, on the other hand, all of the eggs that a woman will ever have are produced before she is born and are stored in her ovaries until they are released during ovulation.
While the number of eggs that a woman has is determined at birth, the quality and health of those eggs can be influenced by various factors throughout her life, such as age, nutrition, and exposure to environmental toxins.
PLS MARK ME BRAINLIEST
The given statement "Males produce gametes continuously while females are born with all of the gametes that they will ever have." is False.
Males and females have different gamete production processes. In males, gametes (sperm) are continuously produced from puberty until late in life.
In contrast, females are born with a finite number of gametes (eggs) in their ovaries, which are released periodically throughout their reproductive years.
At birth, a female baby has about 1-2 million eggs in her ovaries. However, by the time she reaches puberty, only about 300,000-500,000 eggs remain, and only 300-400 will ever be released during ovulation.
This means that female gametes are not produced continuously, but rather during fetal development and early life stages.
Therefore, the statement "males produce gametes continuously while females are born with all of the gametes that they will ever have" is not entirely accurate, as it oversimplifies the gamete production process in both sexes.
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Which part of your model represented Earth’s tectonic plates? Which part represented the asthenosphere in the mantle?
The part representing Earth's tectonic plates would likely be the solid outer layer that simulates the Earth's lithosphere.
The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle, and it is divided into multiple tectonic plates that move around on the Earth's surface. The part representing the asthenosphere in the mantle would be the layer beneath the tectonic plates in your model. The asthenosphere is a semi-solid, partially molten layer within the upper mantle that allows the tectonic plates above it to move and interact with each other.
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are beefsteak tomatoes determinate or indeterminate?
Answer:
Indeterminate.
Explanation:
Beefsteak tomatoes are indeterminate.
Beefsteak tomatoes are indeterminate.
Indeterminate tomato plants have a continuous growth habit, which means they will grow, flower, and set fruit indefinitely throughout the growing season until stopped by frost, disease, or other environmental factors.
On the other hand, determinate tomato plants grow to a certain height, flower, and set fruit all at once within a relatively short period, usually a few weeks. They then stop growing and producing fruit, making them suitable for small gardens or container gardening.
Beefsteak tomatoes are a popular variety of indeterminate tomatoes known for their large size and flavorful fruit. They are typically grown in large gardens or farms where they have plenty of space to grow and require support to keep the fruit off the ground.
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Helpp I didn’t know
On Principles of Evolution:
The two methods used together to demonstrate the Earth is at least 3.8 billion years old are radiometric dating and stratigraphy. Known for Pangaea, smaller continents and current configuration respectivelyImportance of the environment in shaping organisms and lack of evidenceFalse Subject to natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation.Passed to offspring naturally and the other is done by humans.What are the principles of evolution based on?Radiometric dating involves using the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of rocks and fossils, while stratigraphy involves the study of rock layers and the order in which they were deposited.
During the Paleozoic era, the continents were clustered together as one large landmass known as Pangaea. During the Mesozoic era, Pangaea began to break apart into smaller continents, and by the end of the era, the continents were in positions similar to their current locations. During the Cenozoic era, the continents continued to move and drift apart, forming the modern configuration we see today.
Lamarck's theory of evolution, also known as the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, states that organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. The strengths of this theory are that it was one of the first to propose a mechanism for evolution, and it emphasized the importance of the environment in shaping organisms. However, the theory has several weaknesses, such as the lack of evidence supporting the idea that acquired traits can be passed on genetically, and the fact that some traits are determined by genes rather than environmental factors.
False. Dominant alleles do not always increase in frequency because their success is dependent on the environment and the fitness of individuals carrying the allele. If the environment changes, a once-dominant allele may become detrimental and decrease in frequency.
Populations evolve because they are subject to natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These factors can cause changes in allele frequencies over time, leading to the evolution of the population. Individuals, on the other hand, do not evolve because they cannot change their genetic makeup during their lifetime.
Natural selection is the process by which organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring. It is a natural process that occurs without human intervention. Artificial selection, on the other hand, is the process by which humans intentionally breed plants or animals for specific traits. Humans selectively choose individuals with desirable traits to mate and produce offspring with those traits.
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Image transcribed:
Principles of Evolution Written Review Assignment
1. What are the two methods used together to demonstrate the Earth is at least 3.8 billion years old? List and briefly describe the methods.
2. Differentiate between the geology of the continents of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras.
3. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Lamarck's theory of evolution.
4. True or False? Dominant alleles will always increase in frequency. Explain your answer.
5. Explain why populations evolve and individuals do not.
6. What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?
The authoritative parent can be described as __________ and __________. a. restrictive . . . controlling b. unrealistic . . . soft c. lenient . . . inconsistent d. firm . . . flexible please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answer:
A. restrictive . . . controlling
Explanation:
Authoritarian parents display high levels of demandingness and low levels of responsiveness, tending to make rules and set high expectations but lack warmth and support. Authoritarian parents tend to “rule with an iron fist.” They are often described as strict, demanding, cold, critical, and punitive.
What is the temperature of our photosphere?
Answer:
5,500 degrees Celsius (9,932 degrees Fahrenheit or 5,773 Kelvin).
Explanation:
1. Based on the model shown, what organisms should have the smallest population numbers in an ecosystem?
2. Based on the model, why is the producer level the largest level?
Genetic variation occurs in
asexual reproduction.
sexual reproduction
Answer:
by sexual reproduction
Explanation:
cause in asexual rep. thay are obtained by the genetic material splite from the mother one like bacteria, yiest and others so it has almost genetic similarity b/n mothers and the baby.
so it is sexual reproduction.
Which letter indicates the specific structure where most hereditary mutation occurs?
The letter that indicates the specific structure where most hereditary mutations occur is the DNA molecule. DNA is the main molecule responsible for coding genetic information.
It is composed of two strands of nucleotides that form a double helix. The strands are held together by weak hydrogen bonds between the complementary nucleotide bases. This structure is critical for the storage and replication of genetic information.
When mutations occur, they usually occur at the level of the DNA molecule. These mutations can be caused by exposure to radiation or chemicals as well as errors during replication.
When a mutation occurs in the DNA molecule, it can affect the proteins that are coded by the gene, leading to a change in the phenotype of the organism. Mutations can also occur in other parts of the genome, but most hereditary mutations are caused by changes in the DNA molecule.
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In the digger wasp experiment, it was shown that the wasp used the arrangement of a ring of pinecones to navigate back to the nest. Which experiment would test if the wasp can use any arrangement of objects in the environment to find her nest, rather than only a ring shape?.
In order to test if the wasp can use any arrangement of objects to find her nest, rather than only a ring shape, an experiment could be conducted in which the wasp is placed in a new environment with objects arranged differently from the ring of pinecones used in the first experiment.
For instance, the objects could be arranged in a line, a square, or any other arbitrary shape. The experiment should be conducted in the same way as the first one, with the wasp being released a certain distance away and the time it takes for it to return to the nest being recorded.
If the wasp is able to quickly and accurately find its nest in the different environment, then this would suggest that it is capable of using any arrangement of objects, rather than just a ring shape, to find its way home.
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correct question is :
In the digger wasp experiment, it was shown that the wasp used the arrangement of a ring of pinecones to navigate back to the nest. what experiment would test if the wasp can use any arrangement of objects in the environment to find her nest, rather than only a ring shape?
Your colleague designed a common garden experiment to determine if desiccation (drying out) influences competition between a native alga and an exotic alga. The design includes four plot types: dry with native only, dry with exotic only, dry with both algae, and wet with both algae.
When grown together on dry plots, the native grew well while the exotic went extinct. When grown together on wet plots, the exotic grew well while the native went extinct. Both algae grew in dry plots when grown alone. You note that his experimental design is incomplete and, as a result, he cannot support one of the following conclusions. Which conclusion is NOT supported?
a. Dry habitats are part of the fundamental niche of the native alga.
b. Dry habitats are part of the fundamental niche of the exotic alga.
c. The native alga competitively excludes the exotic alga in dry habitats.
d. The exotic alga competitively excludes the native alga in wet habitats
These findings have crucial implications for understanding the effects of desiccation on competition among algae species. The correct option is d. The exotic alga competitively excludes the native alga in wet habitats
Based on the design of the experiment, it appears that your colleague is interested in understanding how desiccation, or drying out, affects competition between a native alga and an exotic alga. The experiment includes four different plot types, each with different combinations of the two types of algae and varying levels of moisture. Specifically, dry habitats are part of the fundamental niche of the exotic alga, meaning that this species is adapted to thrive in dry conditions.
Interestingly, the results of the experiment suggest that the exotic alga is actually better able to compete with the native alga in wet habitats, where both species are present. This means that in these conditions, the exotic alga is able to outcompete the native species and establish dominance.
Overall, these findings have important implications for understanding the impact of desiccation on competition between different algal species. They suggest that the exotic alga may have a competitive advantage in certain conditions, and that efforts to control its spread may need to take into account the effects of moisture levels on its growth and spread.
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is the pronator muscle concentric during arm wrestling and winning
Yes, during arm wrestling and winning, the pronator muscle performs a concentric contraction. This means the muscle is actively shortening while generating force to rotate the forearm and help maintain a winning position.
During arm wrestling and winning, the pronator muscle is primarily isometric (meaning it is maintaining a static contraction) rather than concentric (meaning it is shortening as it contracts). The pronator muscle is responsible for rotating the forearm inward, and it is activated during arm wrestling to resist the opponent's attempts to rotate the forearm outward. When the arm wrestler successfully pins their opponent, the pronator muscle is maintaining a sustained contraction, rather than actively shortening or lengthening.
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What do scientists compare to make sure they classify an organism correctly?.
Classification of organisms is an important task for scientists as it helps in understanding the relationships between different species and their evolutionary history.
To classify an organism correctly, scientists compare its physical characteristics, genetic makeup, behavior, and habitat with those of other organisms. This process is known as taxonomy, which involves identifying, naming, and classifying organisms based on their characteristics.
By comparing the traits of an organism with those of other known species, scientists can determine the most appropriate taxonomic classification for that organism. The correct classification of an organism helps in understanding its ecological and evolutionary relationships with other species, and aids in conservation efforts and disease control.
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During muscle contractions , thin filaments are pulled towards the:.
During muscle contractions, thin filaments are pulled towards the center of the sarcomere by the myosin heads of the thick filaments. Muscle contraction occurs when the myosin heads attach to the actin binding sites on the thin filaments, forming cross-bridges.
The sliding filament theory explains how muscle contraction occurs. According to this theory, the sarcomere, which is the basic functional unit of a muscle, shortens during contraction because the thin filaments slide over the thick filaments.
The myosin heads attach to the actin binding sites on the thin filaments and pivot, pulling the thin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. This process is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP molecules, which provides the energy for the myosin heads to move.
Overall, the movement of the thin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere during muscle contraction is a crucial aspect of the sliding filament theory, which provides a mechanistic explanation for how muscle contraction occurs at the molecular level.
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how a new plant develops with an already growing plant
Answer:
Asexual propagation involves taking a part of one parent plant and causing it to regenerate itself into a new plant. The resulting new plant is genetically identical its parent. Asexual propagation involves the vegetative parts of a plant: stems, roots, or leaves.
Explanation:
Uv rays, x-rays, some chemicals found in tobacco, and radioactive fallout are all examples of _____, agents that can damage dna and cause mutations.
UV rays, X-rays, some chemicals found in tobacco, and radioactive fallout are all examples of mutagens, agents that can cause damage to DNA and lead to mutations.
The blank in the question can be filled with the term "mutagens". Mutagens are agents that have the potential to alter or damage the genetic material of an organism, which is DNA. This can lead to mutations that may result in harmful effects like cancer, birth defects, or genetic disorders. UV rays from the sun, x-rays used in medical imaging, certain chemicals found in tobacco smoke, and radioactive fallout from nuclear accidents are all examples of mutagens.
When these agents come in contact with DNA, they can disrupt the genetic code, causing errors in replication or transcription. In addition to external factors, mutations can also occur spontaneously due to errors in the DNA copying process. It is important to minimize exposure to mutagens and take measures to protect genetic material, such as using sunscreen and avoiding smoking.
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6. Acorn → Squirrel → Crow → Coyote
1,000 kcal are available for the 1st trophic level, 100
kcal for the 2nd trophic level, 10 kcal for the 3rd
trophic level. How many kcal are available for the
tertiary consumer?
Fill in the organisms and energy amounts on the
pyramid to the right
There are 1 kcal available for the tertiary consumer, the Coyote.
In this food chain, the trophic levels are as follows:
1st Trophic Level (Producers) - Acorn with 1,000 kcal available
2nd Trophic Level (Primary Consumers) - Squirrel with 100 kcal available
3rd Trophic Level (Secondary Consumers) - Crow with 10 kcal available
4th Trophic Level (Tertiary Consumers) - Coyote
Since the question is asking for the amount of kcal available for the tertiary consumer (Coyote), we can see that it's the 4th trophic level.
Following the 10% rule, only 10% of the energy from the previous level is passed on to the next level. In this case, 10% of the 10 kcal from the Crow (3rd trophic level) will be available for the Coyote.
10% of 10 kcal = 1 kcal
So, there are 1 kcal available for the tertiary consumer, the Coyote.
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Some plants reproduce asexually by sending out an underground stem called a rhizome. At the growing end of the underground stem, roots appear and a shoot forms that will become a new plant. Compare the traits of the new plant with the parent plant. Explain your answer
The new plant produced by asexual reproduction through a rhizome will be genetically identical to the parent plant.
This is because asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes or the mixing of genetic material from two parents. Instead, the new plant grows from a part of the parent plant, with the same genetic information. Therefore, the traits of the new plant will be identical to those of the parent plant, including its physical characteristics, growth habits, and any traits that are determined by its genes.
This type of asexual reproduction is commonly seen in plants such as bamboo, ginger, and mint, which can spread rapidly through the growth of rhizomes. While asexual reproduction may limit genetic diversity.
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occurs when chromosomes fail to separate during
the two types of cells of the nervous system are group of answer choices neurons and muscle cells. motor neurons and sensory neurons. axons and dendrites. neurons and neuroglia. schwann cells and microglia.
The two types of cells in the nervous system are neurons and neuroglia, the correct option is D.
Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system responsible for transmitting and processing information. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while the axon transmits signals to other neurons or to muscle cells. Neuroglia, also known as glial cells, support and protect the neurons.
Astrocytes provide nutrients and support to neurons, while oligodendrocytes produce myelin, which insulates axons and speeds up the transmission of signals. Together, neurons and neuroglia form the complex network of the nervous system that allows us to sense and respond to our environment, the correct option is D.
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The complete question is:
The two types of cells of the nervous system are: (group of answer choices)
A) neurons and muscle cells
B) motor neurons and sensory neurons
C) axons and dendrites
D) neurons and neuroglia
E) schwann cells and microglia.
Threonine is a natrually occurring amino acid found in many proteins what functional groups are present in threonine
The functional groups present in threonine, a naturally occurring amino acid found in many proteins, are:
1. Amino group (NH₂)
2. Carboxyl group (COOH)
3. Hydroxyl group (OH)
Threonine is an α-amino acid, which means it has an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to the same carbon atom. Additionally, it has a side chain containing a hydroxyl group, making it a polar and uncharged amino acid.
Threonine is an amino acid that we use in the biosynthesis of proteins. It involves an α-amino group (a protonated − NH3+ structure under organic conditions), a carboxyl group (a deprotonated − COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain containing a hydroxyl group (OH), making it a polar, uncharged amino acid.
Threonine is among the two proteinogenic amino acids with two stereogenic centers, another being isoleucine.
Threonine subsists in the following configurations with four possible stereoisomers:
(2S,3R)
(2R,3S)
(2S,3S)
(2R,3R)
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