Engineers designing a new energy efficient product will make the first model called a

In the given chemical equation:

Fe(NO3)2 + Al → Fe + Al(NO3)3

Iron (Fe) is being reduced because it is gaining electrons and its oxidation state is decreasing from +2 to 0 (elemental state).

Aluminum (Al) is being oxidized because it is losing electrons and its oxidation state is increasing from 0 (elemental state) to +3.

Therefore, Fe(NO3)2 is the oxidizing agent, and Al is the reducing agent in this reaction.

If we had a 32-gram sample of C-14 today, there would be 4 grams of C-14 remaining in 10,470 years.

The half-life of C-14 is 5370 years, which means that in 5370 years, half of the original sample of C-14 would decay. After another 5370 years, half of what remains would decay, and so on.

This can be modeled by the equation:

[tex]N = N_0(1/2)^{(t/T)[/tex]

Where:

N is the amount of C-14 remaining after time t

N₀ is the initial amount of C-14

T is the half-life of C-14

Using the given information, we can substitute N₀ = 32 g, T = 5370 years, and t = 10,470 years into the equation to find N:

[tex]N = 32 g \cdot (1/2)^{(\frac{10,470 years}{5370 years})[/tex]

N = 4 g

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The dry gas would occupy 1.46 L at standard conditions.

When gas is collected over water, the vapor pressure of the water affects the total pressure measured. To account for this, we need to use Dalton's law of partial pressure, which states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas component.

First, we need to calculate the partial pressure of the collected gas. We can do this by subtracting the vapor pressure of water at 20 degrees Celsius (17.5 mm Hg) from the total pressure measured:

Partial pressure of gas = total pressure - vapor pressure of water
Partial pressure of gas = 622.0 mm Hg - 17.5 mm Hg
Partial pressure of gas = 604.5 mm Hg

Next, we can use the ideal gas law (PV = nRT) to calculate the volume of the dry gas at standard conditions (0 degrees Celsius and 1 atm):

PV = nRT
V = nRT/P

where P is the partial pressure of the gas (604.5 mm Hg converted to atm), n is the number of moles of gas (which we can calculate using the volume of the collected gas and the known molar volume of a gas at STP), R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin (273 K).

V = (40 L)(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(293 K)/(0.793 atm)
V = 1.46 L

Therefore, the dry gas would occupy 1.46 L at standard conditions.

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The pH of the solution prepared by mixing 30.00 ml of 0.10 M CH3CO2H with 30.00 ml of 0.030 M CH3CO2K is 4.22.

To determine the pH of the solution prepared by mixing 30.00 ml of 0.10 M CH3CO2H with 30.00 ml of 0.030 M CH3CO2K, we first need to calculate the concentration of CH3CO2H and CH3CO2K in the final solution.

Since the volumes are additive, the total volume of the solution is 60.00 ml. The moles of CH3CO2H present in the solution can be calculated as follows:

Moles of CH3CO2H = concentration (M) x volume (L)
Moles of CH3CO2H = 0.10 M x 0.030 L
Moles of CH3CO2H = 0.003 moles

Similarly, the moles of CH3CO2K present in the solution can be calculated as:

Moles of CH3CO2K = concentration (M) x volume (L)
Moles of CH3CO2K = 0.030 M x 0.030 L
Moles of CH3CO2K = 0.0009 moles

Since CH3CO2H and CH3CO2K react with each other to form a buffer solution, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH of the solution:

pH = pKa + log ([CH3CO2K] / [CH3CO2H])

where pKa is the dissociation constant of CH3CO2H (1.8 x 10–5).

Substituting the values of moles of CH3CO2H and CH3CO2K, we get:

pH = pKa + log ([0.0009] / [0.003])
pH = 4.74 + log (0.3)
pH = 4.74 - 0.52
pH = 4.22

Therefore, the pH of the solution prepared by mixing 30.00 ml of 0.10 M CH3CO2H with 30.00 ml of 0.030 M CH3CO2K is 4.22.

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Robert Millikan later determined electron's charge in his "oil drop" experiments.

J.J. Thomson conducted experiments in the late 19th century where he used an electric field to deflect a beam of particles, known as a "cathode ray." These cathode rays were generated by applying a high voltage to a partially evacuated glass tube. Thomson observed that the beam was deflected towards the positive electrode, suggesting that the particles in the cathode ray had a negative charge. This led him to the discovery of the first subatomic particle, the electron.

Robert Millikan later conducted experiments to determine the charge of the electron. His famous "oil drop" experiments involved suspending tiny droplets of oil in an electric field and measuring the force required to keep them stationary. By measuring the charge on the oil droplets and the electric field strength, he was able to calculate the charge of the individual electrons that were present in the oil droplets. The discovery of the electron and its properties paved the way for future developments in particle physics and quantum mechanics. Today, we understand that atoms are made up of a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons that orbit the nucleus in energy levels.

The conclusion is J. J. Thomson discovered the first subatomic particle, the electron, by deflecting a "cathode ray" beam with an electric field. Robert Millikan later determined that particle's charge in his "oil drop" experiments. The discovery of the electron was a crucial step in our understanding of the nature of matter and the structure of the universe.

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To solve this problem, we first need to write and balance the chemical equation for the reaction between strontium chloride and sulfuric acid:

SrCl2 + H2SO4 → SrSO4 + 2HCl

According to the balanced chemical equation, one mole of strontium chloride reacts with one mole of sulfuric acid to produce one mole of strontium sulfate and two moles of hydrochloric acid.

Next, we need to calculate the number of moles of sulfuric acid we have:

moles of H2SO4 = mass of H2SO4 / molar mass of H2SO4

moles of H2SO4 = 300.0 g / 98.08 g/mol

moles of H2SO4 = 3.057 mol

Finally, we can use the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation to determine the number of moles of strontium chloride that will react with 3.057 moles of sulfuric acid:

moles of SrCl2 = moles of H2SO4

moles of SrCl2 = 3.057 mol

Now we can calculate the mass of strontium chloride using its molar mass:

mass of SrCl2 = moles of SrCl2 x molar mass of SrCl2

mass of SrCl2 = 3.057 mol x 158.53 g/mol

mass of SrCl2 = 485.1 g

Therefore, 485.1 grams of strontium chloride will react with 300.0 grams of sulfuric acid.

Explanation:

To solve this problem, we use stoichiometry, which is a method that relates the amount of reactants and products in a chemical reaction based on their balanced chemical equation. In this case, we first write and balance the chemical equation for the reaction between strontium chloride and sulfuric acid. Then, we calculate the number of moles of sulfuric acid given its mass and molar mass. Next, we use the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation to determine the number of ontium chloride that will react with the given amount of sulfuric acid. Finally, we calculate the mass of strontium chloride using its molar mass and the calculated number of moles. By following these steps, we can determine the mass of strontium chloride that will react with 300.0 grams of sulfuric acid.

The correct presentation is;

6 CO2 (g) + H2O (l)  → C6H12O6 (aq) + 6 O2 (g)  ΔH = 801 kJ/mole

A chemical reaction known as an endothermic reaction draws energy from its surroundings, causing the temperature of those surroundings to drop. This indicates that energy must be added to the system in order for the reaction to take place because the reactants of the reaction have a lower enthalpy (energy content) than the products.

Because the absorbed energy during an endothermic reaction is typically in the form of heat, the reaction feels cold to the touch.

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The ball would experience a net force of 0 N and would not move in either direction.

When the boy kicks the ball with a force of 40 N, he applies a force in one direction. At the same moment, a gust of wind blows in the opposite direction of the kick with a force of 40 N. These two forces act in opposite directions, and therefore cancel each other out.

According to Newton's first law of motion, an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue in motion in a straight line at a constant speed, unless acted upon by a net external force. In this case, the net force on the ball is 0 N, which means that the ball will not move in either direction.

This scenario highlights the importance of understanding net forces when analyzing the motion of objects. In the absence of a net force, the ball will not accelerate, and its velocity will remain constant.

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Based on the lab analysis, we used potassium carbonate and potassium sulfate to determine whether our unknown solution was strontium nitrate or magnesium nitrate.

When we mixed the unknown solution with potassium carbonate, we observed a white precipitate forming, indicating that the unknown solution contained a carbonate ion. When we mixed the unknown solution with potassium sulfate, we observed no change, indicating that the unknown solution did not contain a sulfate ion.

Using the solubility rules, we know that strontium carbonate is insoluble, while magnesium carbonate is soluble. Therefore, since we observed a white precipitate forming, we can conclude that our unknown solution was strontium nitrate.

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If 4 moles of a gas are at a pressure of 105. 6 kpa and a volume of 12 liters, the temperature of the gas is 399.36 K.

To solve this problem, we can use the ideal gas law: PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in kelvin. Rearranging the equation, we get T = PV/nR.

Substituting the given values, we have:

T = (105.6 kPa)(12 L) / (4 mol)(8.31 J/(mol*K))

Simplifying, we get:

T = 399.36 K

Therefore, the temperature of the gas is 399.36 K, or 126.21°C.

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Magnesium metal will conduct electricity via mobile electrons whether it is in the solid or liquid state.

Magnesium oxide will not conduct electricity in the solid state as they are no mobile charge carriers.

Molten (liquid) magnesium oxide has mobile ions and these can transfer electrons via mobile ions. This is electrolysis and the compound is turned back into its elements (magnesium and oxygen).

D. A mountain range with folded layers of rock.

Intense compression can cause the rock layers to fold, creating a mountain range. This type of feature forms suddenly in the geological timescale, as a result of tectonic activity, and is known as a fold mountain.

The intense pressure causes the rock layers to buckle and deform, resulting in folds, faults, and other features. The Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains are examples of fold mountains in the United States.

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There are 3.95 grams of [tex]LiCl[/tex] in the solution.

The density of the solution is 1.46 g/mL, so the volume of the solution is:

volume = mass / density

volume = 85.0 g / 1.46 g/mL

volume = 58.22 mL

The concentration of the solution is 1.60 M, which means there are 1.60 moles of [tex]LiCl[/tex] in 1 liter of solution. To find the number of moles of [tex]LiCl[/tex]in the 58.22 mL of solution, we can use the following equation:

moles = concentration x volume (in liters)

First, we need to convert the volume of the solution to liters:

volume = 58.22 mL / 1000 mL/L

volume = 0.05822 L

Now we can calculate the number of moles of [tex]LiCl[/tex] in the solution:

moles = 1.60 M x 0.05822 L

moles = 0.0932 moles

Finally, we can calculate the mass of[tex]LiCl[/tex]in the solution using its molar mass:

mass = moles x molar mass

mass = 0.0932 moles x 42.39 g/mol

mass = 3.95 g

Therefore, there are 3.95 grams of [tex]LiCl[/tex] in the solution.

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Using an ice bath to cool the solution is most likely to reduce the concentration of sodium chloride in the solution. Option D is correct.

When a solution is cooled, the solubility of most solids decreases. As a result, some of the sodium chloride may precipitate out of the solution, reducing the concentration of the solute. The other options listed would not reduce the concentration of sodium chloride in the solution.

Heating the solution on a hot plate could potentially increase the solubility of sodium chloride and lead to more dissolving, whereas adding more sodium chloride would only increase the concentration. Removing some solution with a pipette would not change the concentration, as the amount of solute would remain the same in the remaining solution. Hence Option D is correct.

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Extraction is a useful technique for separating and purifying mixtures of compounds based on differences in their physical properties and reaction types.

The physical property used in extraction is the solubility of a compound in a particular solvent. If a compound is more soluble in one solvent than another, it can be selectively extracted and separated from the mixture.

For example, if a mixture contains both water-soluble and oil-soluble compounds, the mixture can be extracted with water to separate the water-soluble compounds, and then extracted with an organic solvent to separate the oil-soluble compounds.

The reaction type used in extraction is often acid-base chemistry. If a mixture contains both acidic and basic compounds, they can be selectively extracted by adjusting the pH of the solvent.

For example, if a mixture contains both an acidic carboxylic acid and a basic amine, the mixture can be extracted with a basic solvent to selectively extract the amine, and then extracted with an acidic solvent to selectively extract the carboxylic acid.

Overall, extraction is a powerful technique for separating and purifying mixtures of compounds, and its effectiveness depends on the physical properties and reaction types of the compounds in the mixture.

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a. To plot the k emission intensity vs. the concentration of k, we can use the given data for the standard solutions of NaCl.

The concentration of K can be expressed in parts per million (ppm) and the corresponding intensity values can be plotted on a graph. Using regression analysis, we can determine the linearity of the data. The resulting graph should show a linear relationship between concentration and intensity.

b. To plot the ratio of the k intensity to the li intensity vs. the concentration of k, we can divide the intensity of K by the intensity of Li for each standard solution and the unknown.

The resulting values can be plotted against the concentration of K. The linearity of this graph can also be determined using regression analysis. The internal standard improves linearity because it helps to correct for any variations in sample handling and instrument response, resulting in more accurate and precise measurements.

c. To calculate the concentration of K in the unknown, we can use the ratio of the intensity of K to Li and the calibration curve obtained from the standard solutions.

From the graph in part (b), we can determine the concentration of K in the unknown by finding its corresponding value on the x-axis. Alternatively, we can use the regression equation obtained from part (a) to calculate the concentration of K in the unknown based on its measured intensity.

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To produce 235 mL of a 1.77 M H₂SO₄ solution from an 18.0 M H₂SO₄ solution, you would need 27.54 mL of the concentrated solution.

To find this, we can use the dilution formula: M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. Here, M₁ is the initial concentration (18.0 M), V₁ is the volume required, M₂ is the final concentration (1.77 M), and V₂ is the final volume (235 mL).

1. Rearrange the formula to solve for V₁: V₁ = (M₂V₂) / M₁
2. Plug in the given values: V₁ = (1.77 M × 235 mL) / 18.0 M
3. Calculate the result: V₁ = 27.54 mL

Therefore, you would need 27.54 mL of the 18.0 M H₂SO₄ solution to produce 235 mL of a 1.77 M H₂SO₄ solution.

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Both 1.0 mol of calcium (Ca) and 1.0 mol of magnesium (Mg) contain the same number of atoms (Avogadro's number, 6.022 x 10²³ atoms), but they differ in mass and chemical properties.

In order to compare 1.0 mol Ca and 1.0 mol Mg, we must first understand the concept of a mole. A mole is a unit of measurement that represents 6.022 x 10²³ particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.). This number, known as Avogadro's number, allows us to compare amounts of different substances.

Although 1.0 mol Ca and 1.0 mol Mg both contain the same number of atoms, their masses are different. The molar mass of Ca is 40.08 g/mol, while the molar mass of Mg is 24.31 g/mol.

Therefore, 1.0 mol Ca has a mass of 40.08 g, and 1.0 mol Mg has a mass of 24.31 g. Additionally, Ca and Mg are both alkaline earth metals but possess different chemical properties, such as reactivity and electron configurations.

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the concentration of barium ion when precipitation begins is approximately 3x =


3(7.93 × 10^-9 M) = 2.38 × 10^-8 M.

Hence, the concentration of barium ion when precipitation begins is approximately 2.38 × 10^-8 M.

To determine which substance precipitates first and the concentration of barium ion when precipitation begins, we need to consider the solubility product (Ksp) of the possible precipitation reactions.

The possible precipitation reactions are:

Ba(CrO4)2(s) ⇌ Ba2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)   Ksp1 = [Ba2+][CrO42-]^2

Ba3(PO4)2(s) ⇌ 3Ba2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq)   Ksp2 = [Ba2+]^3[PO43-]^2

The substance that precipitates first is the one with the lower solubility product (Ksp) value. To determine the Ksp values, we need to look up the relevant values of the solubility products.

From the solubility product table, we find:

- Ksp1 for Ba(CrO4)2 is 1.17 × 10^-10
- Ksp2 for Ba3(PO4)2 is 1.34 × 10^-23

Comparing the Ksp values, we see that Ksp1 is much larger than Ksp2, indicating that Ba(CrO4)2 is more soluble than Ba3(PO4)2.

Therefore, the precipitate that forms first is Ba3(PO4)2(s).

To determine the concentration of barium ion when precipitation begins, we can use the Ksp2 expression and assume that x mol/L of Ba3(PO4)2(s) dissolves, forming 3x mol/L of Ba2+ and 2x mol/L of PO43-. Since the initial concentration of ammonium phosphate is 1.04×10^-2 M, which is much less than the initial concentration of potassium chromate (1.49×10^-2 M), we can assume that all of the phosphate ions come from the ammonium phosphate and ignore the small contribution from the autoionization of water.

Using the Ksp2 expression and the concentrations of PO43- and Ba2+, we get:

Ksp2 = [Ba2+]^3[PO43-]^2
1.34 × 10^-23 = (3x)^3(2x)^2

Solving for x, we get:

x = 7.93 × 10^-9 M

Therefore, the concentration of barium ion when precipitation begins is approximately 3x =

3(7.93 × 10^-9 M) = 2.38 × 10^-8 M.

Hence, the concentration of barium ion when precipitation begins is approximately 2.38 × 10^-8 M.
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1. Xylene will react with bromine solution to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution, where bromine will replace one of the hydrogen atoms on the aromatic ring.

2. Xylene will not react with KMnO₄ under normal conditions as it is a relatively stable aromatic compound.

3. Xylene can react with AlCl₃ and CHCl₃ under Friedel-Crafts conditions to form a substituted product. AlCl₃ acts as a Lewis acid, facilitating the reaction by generating a carbocation intermediate, which is then attacked by the chloride ion from CHCl3 to form a substituted product.

In summary, xylene will undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution with bromine solution, will not react with KMnO₄, and can undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction with AlCl₃ and CHCl₃ to form a substituted product.

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The pH of the resulting mixture is closest to 2.48, which is in the acidic range.

The reaction between HCl and NaOH produces water and NaCl:

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O

Moles of HCl = 1.0 mol/L × 0.5 L = 0.5 moles

Moles of NaOH = 2.0 mol/L × 0.2 L = 0.4 moles

NaOH is a limiting factor since it has fewer moles than HCl.

Excess H⁺ ions = 0.5 moles - 0.4 moles = 0.1 moles

Excess OH⁻ ions = 0.4 moles

To calculate the pH of the solution, we need to know the concentration of excess H⁺ or OH⁻ ions. Since we know the amount of excess H⁺ and OH⁻ ions, we can calculate their concentrations using the volume of the solution.

The total volume of the solution is 200 mL + 500 mL = 0.7 L

The concentration of excess H+ ions is:

[H⁺] = 0.1 moles ÷ 0.7 L = 0.143 mol/L

The concentration of excess OH- ions is:

[OH⁻] = 0.4 moles ÷ 0.7 L = 0.571 mol/L

Since the concentration of OH⁻ ions is higher than the concentration of H⁺ ions, the solution is basic. The pH can be calculated using the equation:

pH = 14 - pOH

pOH = -log[OH⁻]

pOH = -log(0.571)

pOH = 0.242

Thus, pH = 14 - 0.242 = 13.76

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The presence of the ions in the HCl would make the solution to conduct electricity.

Because it separates into ions (H+ and Cl-) when hydrochloric acid is dissolved in water, HCl (hydrochloric acid) solution conducts electricity. The electric charge of the H+ and Cl- ions allows them to travel and convey current across the solution.

The dissociation constant (Ka) of HCl describes how much of the compound separates into ions depending on the concentration of the solution. A higher HCl concentration will produce more ions, which will increase conductivity.

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Answer: 134g NH3

Explanation:

Diatomic Hydrogen has a mass of 2.016g/mol

to find how many moles of H2 we have divide how much we have by the molar mass.

23.5g/2.016= 11.66 moles

the ratio between H2 moles and NH3 moles is 3 moles of H2 produce 2 moles of NH3 so we multiply using a 2/3 ratio to find how many moles of NH3 we have

11.66mol H2 x (2molNH3/3molH2) = 7.77 moles NH3

now we multiply the number of moles of NH3 by the molar mass of NH3 (17.3g/mol) to find how many grams of NH3 we have.

7.77 x 17.3g = 134.4g NH3 or using 3 sig figs 134g NH3

CsBr has a larger lattice energy than LiCl because Cs+ has a larger ionic radius and a greater charge than Li+.

The lattice energy of an ionic compound is determined by the strength of the electrostatic attraction between the ions in the solid crystal lattice. This attraction is influenced by the charges on the ions and the distance between them. The larger the charge on the ions, the greater the lattice energy, and the smaller the distance between them, the greater the lattice energy.

Br- also has a greater charge density than Cl-, making the electrostatic attraction between Cs+ and Br- stronger than that between Li+ and Cl-. Therefore, CsBr has a higher lattice energy than LiCl.

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To answer this question, we need to use the equation for molarity, which is:
Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters
We can rearrange this equation to solve for the volume of solution:

Volume of solution = moles of solute / molarity
First, we need to calculate the number of moles of HCl in 32.0 g. The molar mass of HCl is 36.5 g/mol, so:
32.0 g / 36.5 g/mol = 0.8767 mol HCl

Next, we need to calculate the volume of solution needed to make a 4.80 m solution. Using the equation above:
Volume of solution = 0.8767 mol / 4.80 mol/L = 0.1826 L or 182.6 mL
Finally, we need to calculate how much water needs to be added. We started with 32.0 g of HCl and added water to make a total volume of 182.6 mL. The volume of water added is therefore:

Volume of water added = 182.6 mL - 32.0 g / 1 g/mL = 150.6 mL
Converting to liters:
Volume of water added = 150.6 mL / 1000 mL/L = 0.1506 L

Therefore, the answer is 0.18 L of water should be added to 32.0 g of HCl to make a 4.80 m solution.

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ans.

blank 1 = 1

blank 2 = 5

blank 3 = 3

blank 4 = 4

Answer:

yes acid can nuetralize bases

Answer:

Yes!

Explanation:

Strong Acids neutralize Strong bases.

When they react, water is formed. Whatever ions are left over, they become salt.

There must be an equal moles of strong acid and strong base.

78.2 grams of oxygen (O₂) reacted with copper (Cu) to produce copper (II) oxide (CuO). When the oxygen reacts with 4.88 moles of copper, it will produce 9.76 moles of copper oxide (CuO).

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between oxygen and copper is:

2Cu + O₂ → 2CuO

From the equation, we see that 1 mole of O₂ reacts with 2 moles of Cu to produce 2 moles of CuO.

First, we need to convert the given mass of O₂ to moles:

78.2 g O₂ × (1 mol O₂/32.00 g O₂) = 2.44 mol O₂

According to the stoichiometry of the balanced equation, 2 moles of Cu are required for every 1 mole of O₂ reacted. Therefore, the moles of Cu needed can be calculated as:

2.44 mol O₂ × (2 mol Cu/1 mol O₂) = 4.88 mol Cu

So, 4.88 moles of Cu will react with 78.2 grams of O₂ to produce 9.76 moles of CuO.

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The molarity of the glucose solution is 6.66 M.

To determine the molarity of the glucose solution, we first need to convert the percentage concentration to grams of glucose per milliliter of solution.

Since the solution is labeled as 20%, we know that there are 20 grams of glucose in 100 milliliters of solution.

We can then use the density of the solution to convert from milliliters to grams:

1.20 g/mL x 100 mL = 120 g

So, there are 120 grams of glucose in the entire solution.

Now, we can calculate the number of moles of glucose using its molar mass, which is 180.16 g/mol:

moles of glucose = mass of glucose / molar mass = 120 g / 180.16 g/mol = 0.666 moles

Finally, we can calculate the molarity of the solution:

molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters

We know that the volume of the solution is 100 mL or 0.1 L:

molarity = 0.666 moles / 0.1 L = 6.66 M

Therefore, the molarity of the glucose solution is 6.66 M.

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The phases of the moon are a result of the relative positions of the sun, the earth, and the moon. Option A is correct.

As the moon orbits around the earth, the amount of sunlight that reflects off its surface changes, causing the different phases. When the moon is between the sun and the earth, we see a new moon. When the earth is between the sun and the moon, we see a full moon. When the moon is at a right angle to the earth and the sun, we see a quarter moon.

The size of the moon has no effect on the phases, as it appears to be the same size regardless of the phase. The number of craters on the moon is also unrelated to the phases. Therefore, Student A's explanation is the most accurate and supported by scientific evidence.  Option A is correct.

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