Answer:
The complete explanation of the immune response to a pathogen through the oral (oral-anus) and respiratory route is given below in explanation part .
Explanation:
In order to provide host protection against pathogens wherever they can enter or spread, the immune system can be seen as an organ distributed throughout the body. A collection of anatomically distinct compartments can be distinguished within the immune system, each of which is specifically adapted to produce a response to pathogens present in a specific set of body tissues. The basic concepts underlying the initiation in the compartment of the peripheral lymph nodes and spleen of an adaptive immune response. This is the compartment that responds to antigens that have dispersed through the blood or penetrated the tissues. The mucosal immune system (commonly represented by the MALT) is a second compartment of the adaptive immune system of equal size to this, and situated near the surfaces where most pathogens enter. Body cavities (peritoneum and pleura) and skin are two other distinct compartments. These compartments are characterized by two main characteristics. The first is that immune responses induced within one compartment are generally restricted to that specific compartment in terms of speech. The second is that by expressing homing receptors that are bound by ligands, known as addressins, which are specifically expressed within the tissues of the compartment, lymphocytes are limited to particular compartments. The body's mucosal surfaces are particularly susceptible to infection. Because of their physiological roles in gas exchange (the lungs), food absorption (the gut), sensory roles (eyes , nose , mouth, and throat), and reproduction (uterus and vagina), they are thin and permeable barriers to the interior of the body. Obvious susceptibility to infection is provided by the need for permeability of the surface lining of these sites and it is not surprising that the vast majority of infectious agents via these routes enter the human body.
When contemplating the immunobiology of mucosal surfaces, a second essential aspect to bear in mind is that the gut serves as a conduit of entry in the form of food to a large array of foreign antigens. The immune system has developed mechanisms to prevent, on the one hand, a robust immune response to food antigens and, on the other, to detect and destroy the entry of pathogenic organisms via the gut. The majority of the gut is heavily colonized by commensal microorganisms, which live in symbiosis with their host, to further complicate matters. In certain ways, these bacteria are beneficial to their hosts. They provide protection by occupying the ecological niches for bacteria in the gut against pathogenic bacteria. By synthesizing vitamin K and some of the components of the vitamin B complex, they also serve a nutritional role in their host.
Peyer's patches of the small intestine, the appendix, and solitary lymphoid follicles of the large intestine and rectum are the other major sites inside the gut mucosal immune system for the activation of immune responses. The patches of Peyer are an extremely important location in the small intestine for the activation of immune responses and have a distinctive shape, forming domelike structures that reach into the intestinal lumen. Specialized epithelial cells reside in the overlying layer of follicle-associated epithelium of the Peyer's patches. Instead of the microvilli present on the absorptive epithelial cells of the intestine, they have microfolds on their luminal surface and are known as microfold cells or M cells. By endocytosis or phagocytosis, M cells pick up molecules and particles from the gut lumen. This material is then transported to the basal cell membrane, where it is released into the extracellular space, via the interior of the cell in vesicles. This mechanism is referred to as transcytosis. The cell membrane of M cells is extensively folded at their basal surface around underlying lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells that take up the transported material released from the M cells and process it for the presentation of antigen.
Cells use a molecule called (DNA / RNA / ATP / CMP) to store and release energy like a battery. The energy is stored in chemical bonds between (nucleotide / oxygen / phosphate / ribose) groups of the molecule, and the energy is released when the chemical bonds are broken.
Answer:
Cells use a molecule called ATP to store and release energy like a battery. The energy is stored in chemical bonds between phosphate groups of the molecule, and the energy is released when the chemical bonds are broken.
Explanation:
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) can be though of as a battery. It is also sometimes desribed as the energy currency of the cell. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids - the genetic information of the cell, and does not store and release energy. CMP is a nucleotide.
The energy found in ATP is found stored between phosphate groups of the molecule. When a phosphate group is released, it forms ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
Cells use a molecule called ATP to store and release energy. The energy is stored in chemical bonds between PHOSPHATE groups, and the energy is released when the chemical bonds are broken.
ATP is the energy coin of the cell whose hydrolysis is used to carry out many different metabolic functions (e.g., reproduction, differentiation, growth, etc).
ATP hydrolysis is a catabolic reaction, which provides releasable energy stored in the bonds between the second and third phosphate groups.
The molecule of ATP can transfer its energy to different molecules during many cellular processes such as, for example, DNA replication, active transport, muscle contraction, etc.
In conclusion, cells use a molecule called ATP to store and release energy. The energy is stored in chemical bonds between PHOSPHATE groups, and the energy is released when the chemical bonds are broken.
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Which organism in the diagram is an autotroph?
Group of answer choices
Grains
Rabbit
Grasshopper
Owl
Answer:
Rabbits
Explanation:
Answer:
grainsExplanation:
because can can prepare their food itself by don't depend upon another organism
Punnet squares can be used to depict crosses involving two factors, also called,
What is the main function of a vacuole in a cell?
A) storage
B) coordination
C) synthesis of molecules
D) release of energy
Answer:
I'm not sure but I think its storage
Answer:
A..............
Explanation:
storage.....
What structure is responsible for moving the chromosomes during cell division?
A. Nucleolus
B. Spindle Fibers
C. Nuclear membrane
D. Cytoplasm
Answer:
spindle
Explanation:
why dont u just google that?
Who won the French and Indian War? Question 4 options: The Spanish The British The French The Indians
Answer: The British
Explanation:
The British had more training and supplies.
five good habits to keep our surroundings clean
Answer:
1: When you eat/drink something, bring the dish/glass back to the sink
2: Put things back where you found them
3: If you see things on the floor that shouldn't be there, pick it up
Try to think of the last 2 yourself!
Explanation:
Which organisms release carbon dioxide as waste consumers only consumers ending D composers producers indie composers or producers only
Answer:
Producers and Decomposers
Explanation:
The organisms that release carbon dioxide as waste are consumers and decomposers. The correct option is B.
What are consumers and decomposers?Consumers are organisms that consume this food from plants like animals. And decomposers are organisms that convert complex food material into simple ones, like bacteria.
When an animal breathes out or exhales, waste carbon dioxide is released. Decomposers release carbon dioxide as they disintegrate dead plants and animals. Plants can use all the carbon dioxide produced in the atmosphere as a result of these activities.
Producers are only eaten by consumers before being broken down by decomposers. To restart the cycle, producers are fed with this dead material.
Therefore, the correct option is B. consumers and decomposers.
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Which two explanations are based on personal beliefs?
A. Observations made using telescopes can predict how a
constellation's shape will change.
B. People who are born under a certain astrological sign have a
tendency toward certain personality traits.
c. Satellite obserzlutions show that North America is moving at a
rate of a few millimeters per year.
D. Chemical data collected from rock formations show that Earth is
billions of years old.
E. The arrangements of stars into constellations happened as a
result of the actions of supernatural beings.
Describe the relationship of dissolved materials inside and outside a cell in isotonic, hypotonic,
and hypertonic solutions.
PLEASE HELP ASAP!! WILL MARK BRAINLIST TO FIRST WHO ANSWERS!
hypertonic is when blood cells shrivel under hot temperatures
isotonic is equilibrium between concentration of blood and salt
hypotonic is less concentration on outside compared to inside
Answer:
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, water will enter the cell, and the cell will swell. ... If placed in a hypotonic solution, a red blood cell will bloat up and may explode, while in a hypertonic solution, it will shrivel—making the cytoplasm dense and its contents concentrated—and may die.
What does "enzymes are organic catalysts" mean?
Answer: Catalyst. Any molecule that will increase the rate of a chemical reaction, does not participate directly in the reaction and therefore is reusable, and does not supply the energy for the reaction (heat or ATP does). Enzymes work on one reactant, called a. Substrate.
Explanation:
Hope this helps.
Have a good night ma´am/sir.
Be safe!
"Enzymes are organic catalysts" refers to the fact that enzymes are an organic class of biological molecule that act as catalysts in chemical reactions.
Catalysts are compounds that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed or changed in any way. In living organisms, enzymes are essential for many biochemical processes, including the breakdown of food during digestion, the synthesis of molecules, and the facilitation of cellular processes. Enzymes help maintain vital biochemical processes, maintaining the fundamental activities of life, by reducing the activation energy required for a reaction.
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If you place a red blood cell in a solution and it swells, this means that: (Choose all correct answers)
the solution was hypertonic to the inside of the cell
the concentration of water was lower inside of the cell than outside
the concentration of water was higher inside of the cell than outside
the solution was hypotonic to the inside of the cell
the osmolarity of the solution was lower than inside the cell
the osmolarity of the solution was higher than inside the cell
Answer:
The solution would be HYPOTONIC. The concentration of water is higher inside the cell
Explanation:
Hypertonic: cell shrink
Isotonic: cell will stay the same
Hypotonic: cell will swell
Commonly known as fat. Forms the subcutaneous layer beneath skin????????
4. Jimmy likes to work with his friend Joe in 7th grade science class labs. However, he notices that he tends to get lower grades when he does work with Joe, because he and Joe like to talk about basketball and not science. He's decided to investigate if his science lab grades are higher when he works with Joe or if they're higher when he works with someone else. He has set goals to become a better student, so help him write a hypothesis for his study. a. Manipulated variable b. Responding variable
Answer:
If Jimmy works better with someone other than Joe, then Joe is a part of the problem of Jimmy getting lower grades.
b responding variable
Explanation:
If, then statements are used for scientific hypothesis's.
In an experiment, there is always a manipulated variable and a responding variable.
In Jimmy's experiment, his aim is to determine whether working with someone other than Joe will lead to an improvement of his grades so he can have a hypothesis that reads thus; "Working with another student other than Joe will lead to improvement of my grades".
In this experiment, the manipulated variable is his study partner while the responding variable is his grades.
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define structure in your own words
This??I need help.....
Answer: It's Bacteria!
Helpppp meee pleasee!!!
Answer:
I can't see the bottom question. It's cut off
Explanation:
What happens if the body is unable to maintain its blood glucose levels?
Answer:
Explanation:
Without insulin, cells are unable to use glucose as fuel and they will start malfunctioning. Extra glucose that is not used by the cells will be converted and stored as fat so it can be used to provide energy when glucose levels are too low.
what is this called?
when words or sounds used by someone who stutters to get started speaking when blocked or when anticipating a block
Answer:
I think it is "Starters".
Explain how cell membranes work work according to the fluid mosaic model
WORTH 20 POINTS
The fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer (two molecules thick layer consisting primarily of amphipathic phospholipids) in which protein molecules are embedded.
Which of the following mutations is LEAST likely to result in harmful changes to cells?
Runners only have enough stored ATP in their muscle cells to run for about five seconds. Which answer correctly explains how the runner's body adjusts to the longer distance, for example, a marathon (42.1 km)?
Answer Options:
A: The runner's body will convert stored fat molecules into energy.
B: The runner's body will create the needed energy by breaking down proteins.
C: The runner's body will supply the needed energy by producing starch.
D: The runner's body will produce the energy by activating the Golgi apparatus.
Answer:
A: The runner's body will convert stored fat molecules into energy.
Explanation:
When the body needs energy to power cells, it uses ATP. ATP is generated by cellular respiration, which involves the breakdown of (usually) sugars by aerobic respiration.
If you exercise for a longer period such as during long distance running, your body will use more fat and less glucose in an attempt to conserve the limited glucose stores in case exercise intensity increases and oxygen availability is is reduced.
The runner's body will convert stored fat molecules into energy.
7. Why are adult sponges said to be sessile animals? |
Answer:
All adult sponges are sessile, meaning they are attached to some surface. Since they cannot move, sponges cannot pursue their food. Instead, they are filter feeders, meaning they obtain their food by straining the water for small bits of food like bacteria, algae, or protozoans.
Explanation:
Which event is caused by gravity with water
____________________ helps make animal membranes more rigid.
Answer:
fatty-acid makes animal membranes more rigid
Explanation:
When cells lose their ability to regulate the cell cycle, they can divide at an accelerated rate and form a mass of cells. This mass of cells is referred to as —
Answer:
A tumor :) i just ask my biology teacher
The mass of cells formed a result of accelerated rate of division is called tumour.
CELL DIVISION:
All living cells are capable of replicating themselves and this is done via the process of cell division. However, the rate at which cell division occurs must be regulated.Due to series of reasons like mutation, cells can lose the ability to regulate their cell cycle leading to a proliferation in the rate of cell division. Uncontrollable increase in the rate of cell division leads to the formation of a mass of cells called TUMOUR. Therefore, a mass of cells formed a result of accelerated rate of division is called tumour.Learn more: https://brainly.com/question/24155890?referrer=searchResults
can you have a baby panda as your pet
Answer:
“No. There isn't anywhere you can keep a Panda as a pet. Or get your hands on one for that matter. As mentioned above, all the Pandas are owned by the Chinese Government and they are not permitting anyone to buy or sell Pandas.“
Explanation:
Animalhow.com
briefly explain the relationship between cells, organs, and tissues
Answer:
In the human body, cells are the basic units of life. Groups of cells working together for a specific function form tissues. Organs are two or more tissues operating together. Even separate organs work together, forming body systems.
Explanation:
I hope this helps you out and if your feeling generous plz mark brainliest it helps me a lot thank you:)
Answer:
The body has levels of organization that build on each other. Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems.The function of an organ system depends on the integrated activity of its organs.
Explanation:
What is the mass of Jupiter in kilograms using the data for the moon Callisto in the moons of Jupiter work sheet
Answer:
1.898x10^27 kg in scientific notation or 18980000
also not sure if this goes on biology
Explanation:
Define the following terms. Drag and drop the words into the appropriate blanks to complete the sentences.
chromosome
gene
translation
replication
strand polarity
complementary base pairing
transcription
allele
antiparallel
1_________ is the process of duplication of the DNA.
2. A(n)_________ is the physical unit of heredity.
3. The phosphate group at the 5'-end of DNA and the hydroxyl group at the 3'-end of DNA establish the DNA_______.
4._________ is the process that uses mRNA sequences to synthesize proteins.
5. Adenine binds to thymine, guanine binds to cytosine. This is known as________ .
6. A(n)________ consists of single long molecule of DNA associated with different types of proteins.
7. Complementary strands of DNA are meaning that one strand is oriented from 5' to 3' and the other from 3' to 5'________.
8. is the process that synthesizes single stranded RNA from a template DNA strand________.
9. Any one of the alternative forms of a particular gene is called a(n)___________ .
Answer:
1. replication
2. gene
3. strand polarity
4. translation
5. complementary base pairing
6. chromosome
7. antiparallel
8. transcription
9. allele
Explanation:
1. Replication is the process by which DNA is duplicated or the process of making another copy of DNA.
2. Gene is the physical unit of heredity i.e a segment of DNA transferred from parents to offsprings. A gene also encodes a useful products such as protein.
3. A DNA strand is a polar molecule, which is attributed to the phosphate group at the 5'-end of DNA and the hydroxyl group at the 3'-end of DNA.
4. Translation is the process whereby the information in a mRNA molecule is used to synthesize a protein.
5. Complementary base pairing is a phenomenon whereby Adenine (A) binds to thymine (T), guanine (G) binds to cytosine (C).
6. A chromosome contains of single long molecule of DNA coiled together around histone proteins. The chromosome is associated with different types of proteins.
7. In the double-stranded DNA molecule, one strand runs from 5' to 3' and the other runs from 3' to 5'. This is called ANTIPARALLEL nature of DNA.
8. Transcription is the process by which a DNA molecule is used to synthesize a mRNA single strand.
9. Allele is the alternative or contrasting form of a gene. Each allele is contributed by each parent
