Dialcohol and diacid are bifunctional molecules that can be used in the synthesis of polyesters. In a polyester, the dialcohol and diacid react to form an ester bond, resulting in a long chain polymer.
Diesters can also be used in the synthesis of polyesters, as they can be hydrolyzed to form two carboxylic acid groups and two alcohol groups, which can then react to form an ester bond. Therefore, diesters are also a material used in the synthesis of polyesters.
Diamines and diacids can react to form nylon, so they are bifunctional molecules used in the synthesis of nylons. The reaction between a diamine and diacid forms an amide bond, which leads to a long-chain polymer.
Dinitro and diether are bifunctional molecules that are neither used in the synthesis of polyesters nor nylons. Dinitro compounds typically have nitro groups attached to each of the functional groups, making them more reactive and often used as explosives.
Diethers, on the other hand, can be used in organic synthesis as protecting groups for alcohols or carbonyl groups, but they do not have a direct role in the synthesis of polyesters or nylons.
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a 10 kg computer accelerates at a rate of 5 m/s2. how much force was applied to the computer?
The force applied to the 10 kg computer was 50 Newtons.
What is computer ?An electrical device with the capability to accept, store, process, and output data is known as a computer.
The following formula can be used to determine the force exerted on a 10 kilogram computer that is accelerating at a rate of 5 m/s2:
Force = mass x acceleration
Where
mass = 10 kg (given)acceleration = 5 m/s² (given)Plugging in these values, we get:
Force = 10 kg x 5 m/s²
Force = 50 N
Therefore, the force applied to the 10 kg computer was 50 Newtons.
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How much 3. 0 M H2SO4 is needed to neutralize 50. ML of 1. 2 M AL(OH)3
The amount of H₂SO₄ needed is 30 mL, under the condition that the required amount is needed to neutralize 50. ML of 1. 2 M AL(OH)₃.
In order to solve this problem, we need to apply stoichiometry and the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between H₂SO₄ and AL(OH)₃.
The derived balanced chemical equation for this reaction is
2AL(OH)₃ + 3H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 6H₂O
Now regarding the equation, we can evaluate that 3 moles of H₂SO₄ are necessary to react with 2 moles of AL(OH)₃.
We can apply this information to calculate how much H₂SO₄ is needed to neutralize 50 mL of 1.2 M AL(OH)₃.
Step 1, we need to calculate how many moles of AL(OH)₃ are present in 50 mL of 1.2 M solution:
Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution
1.2 M = moles of AL(OH)₃ / 0.050 L
moles of AL(OH)₃ = 0.060 moles
Now we can apply stoichiometry to calculate how many moles of H₂SO₄ are required
moles of H₂SO₄ = (0.060 moles AL(OH)₃ x (3 moles H₂SO₄ / 2 moles AL(OH)₃
moles of H₂SO₄ = 0.090 moles
Finally, we can evaluate how many milliliters of 3.0 M H₂SO₄ are required
Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution
3.0 M = 0.090 moles / liters of solution
liters of solution = 0.030 L
We need to convert liters to milliliters:
0.030 L x (1000 mL / 1 L)
= 30 mL
Hence, 30 mL of 3.0 M H₂SO₄ are necessary to neutralize 50 mL of 1.2 M AL(OH)₃.
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Form a hypothesis You are cleaning out a cabinet beneath the kitchen sink and find an unused steel wool scrub pad has rusted completely. Will the remains of this pad weigh more or less than when it was new?
My hypothesis is that the remains of the steel wool scrub pad will weigh less than when it was new due to the process of oxidation causing the rusting.
When steel wool comes into contact with oxygen and moisture, it undergoes a chemical reaction known as oxidation. This reaction causes the iron in the steel wool to form iron oxide or rust. Since rust is less dense than iron, the steel wool scrub pad will weigh less when it is completely rusted.
It is important to note that the weight loss may be minimal, as rust is still composed of iron and oxygen, so the difference in weight may not be noticeable. Additionally, other factors such as the amount of time the pad has been rusting and the type of steel wool used may also affect the final weight.
In conclusion, my hypothesis is that the remains of the steel wool scrub pad will weigh less than when it was new due to the process of oxidation causing rusting, but the difference in weight may not be significant.
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Given the following equilibrium reaction, Ag2CO3(s) ⇆ 2Ag(aq) + CO3-2(g), what will happen to the concentration of Ag2CO3(s) (increase, decrease, remain the same), if NaCl(aq) is added
The addition of NaCl(aq) will not affect the concentration of Ag₂CO₃(s) because it is a solid and its concentration remains constant.
The addition of NaCl(aq) will introduce Cl⁻ ions into the solution, which can react with Ag+ ions to form the sparingly soluble salt AgCl(s):
Ag⁺(aq) + Cl⁻(aq) ⇆ AgCl(s)
This reaction will shift the equilibrium of the original reaction to the right, according to Le Chatelier's principle, in order to counteract the increase in Ag⁺ ions. As a result, more Ag⁺ ions will be produced from the dissociation of Ag₂CO₃(s), causing its concentration to remain constant, and more CO₃⁻²(g) ions will be consumed, decreasing their concentration. Therefore, the concentration of Ag⁺(aq) will increase, while the concentration of CO₃⁻²(g) will decrease.
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Bailey got sick and heard that he should gargle salt water to help his throat. He adds 25g of salt(NaCl) to a cup with 250mL of water(H2O). What is the concentration of this salt water in mol/L? Sodium has atomic mass 22. 99g/mol and chlorine has atomic mass 35. 45g/mol
The concentration of the salt water solution is 1.71 mol/L.
When Bailey got sick, he was advised to gargle salt water to help ease the pain in his throat. To make the salt water solution, he added 25g of salt (NaCl) to a cup containing 250mL of water (H2O). Now we need to determine the concentration of this salt water solution in mol/L.
To do this, we first need to find the number of moles of NaCl in the solution. We can calculate this by dividing the mass of NaCl by its molar mass, which is the sum of the atomic masses of sodium and chlorine. The atomic mass of sodium is 22.99g/mol and that of chlorine is 35.45g/mol, so the molar mass of NaCl is 58.44g/mol.
Number of moles of NaCl = 25g ÷ 58.44g/mol = 0.427mol
Next, we need to find the volume of the solution in liters, which is 250mL ÷ 1000mL/L = 0.25L.
Finally, we can calculate the concentration of the salt water solution by dividing the number of moles of NaCl by the volume of the solution in liters.
Concentration of salt water solution = 0.427mol ÷ 0.25L = 1.71 mol/L
Therefore, the concentration of the salt water solution is 1.71 mol/L. This means that for every liter of the solution, there are 1.71 moles of NaCl present. It is important to note that this concentration is much higher than what is typically recommended for gargling salt water, which is usually a 0.9% (or 0.154 mol/L) solution.
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A series of lines in the spectrum of neutral Li atoms rise from transitions between 1s2 2p1 2P1s 2 2p 12 and 1s2nd1 2D1s 2 nd 12 D and occur at 610. 36 nm, 460. 29 nm, and 413. 23 nm. The d orbitals are hydrogenic. It is known that the transition from the 2P 2 P to the 2S 2 S term (which arises from the ground-state configuration 1s22s1)1s 2 2s 1 ) occurs at 670. 78 nm.
Calculate the ionization energy of the ground-state atom
Ionization energy for the neutral Li atom in its ground state is approximately 520.9 kJ/mol.
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its ground state is the ionization energy. In this problem, we are given the wavelengths of various transitions of neutral Li atoms. From these wavelengths, we can calculate the energy of each transition using the equation E=hc/λ,
where h is Planck's constant,
c is the speed of light
λ is the wavelength.
Using the given wavelengths, we can calculate the energy of each transition and determine the difference in energy between the ground state and the excited state. The ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from the ground state, which is equal to the energy difference between the ground state and the ionized state.
In this case, the transition from the ground-state configuration 1s²2s¹ to the 2P term occurs at 670.78 nm. From this, we can calculate the energy difference between the ground state and the 2P term. Then, by adding the energy differences between the 2P and 2D terms, and the 2D and 2S terms, we can calculate the ionization energy of the ground-state atom. As a result, when the temperature lowers to 8.5°C in the evening, the volume of the vessel is roughly 2.64 L.
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the answer to this problem
Here, each of the elements below with the class to which it belongs.
Lithium → Alkali metals
Uranium → Transition metals
What is an Alkali metals?
Alkali metals are a group of highly reactive chemical elements in the periodic table. These elements include lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). Alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost shell, which makes them highly reactive and able to easily lose that electron to form a positive ion. They are typically soft, silvery-white metals that have low melting and boiling points, and are highly reactive with water and other substances. Alkali metals are important in various industrial applications, such as batteries, alloys, and chemical synthesis.
Krypton → Noble gases
Manganese → Transition metals
Fluorine → Halogens
Barium → Alkaline Earth
Most reactive metal → Alkali metals
Silicon → Metalloids
Groups 3-12 → Transition metals
Most reactive nonmetals → Halogens
Inert and unreactive → Noble gases
Has characteristics of metals and nonmetals → Metalloids
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A chemist determined that a sample contains 20g of hydrogen and 320g of oxygen is this sample water or hydrogen peroxide?
The sample containing 20g of hydrogen and 320g of oxygen is hydrogen peroxide.
To determine if the sample containing 20g of hydrogen and 320g of oxygen is water or hydrogen peroxide, we'll analyze the molar ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in each compound.
Find the moles of hydrogen and oxygen in the sample:
For hydrogen, the molar mass is 1g/mol. So, moles of hydrogen = 20g / 1g/mol = 20 moles.
For oxygen, the molar mass is 16g/mol. So, moles of oxygen = 320g / 16g/mol = 20 moles.
Calculate the molar ratio of hydrogen to oxygen:
Molar ratio = moles of hydrogen / moles of oxygen = 20 moles / 20 moles = 1:1.
Water (H₂O) has a molar ratio of 2:1 for hydrogen to oxygen, while hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has a molar ratio of 1:1 for hydrogen to oxygen.
Thus, the sample containing 20g of hydrogen and 320g of oxygen is hydrogen peroxide, as its molar ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 1:1, which matches the molar ratio found in hydrogen peroxide.
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Calculate the grams of solute required to make 250 mL of 0. 10% magnesium phosphate (m/v)
You need 0.25 grams of magnesium phosphate to make 250 mL of a 0.10% (m/v) solution.
To calculate the grams of solute required to make 250 mL of 0.10% magnesium phosphate (m/v), you'll first need to determine the mass of the solute in the solution.
1. Convert the percentage to a decimal: 0.10% = 0.0010.
2. Multiply the decimal by the volume of the solution: 0.0010 x 250 mL = 0.25 grams.
3. The result, 0.25 grams, is the mass of magnesium phosphate needed to make 250 mL of a 0.10% (m/v) solution.
In summary, to make a 250 mL solution with a 0.10% (m/v) concentration of magnesium phosphate, you will need to dissolve 0.25 grams of the solute in the solvent.
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What is the concentration of a solution that contains 25. 0 g NaOH in 500 cm3
of water?
The concentration of the solution containing 25.0 g NaOH in 500 cm³ of water is approximately 1.25 M (moles per liter).
To find the concentration of a solution containing 25.0 g NaOH in 500 cm³ of water, follow these steps:
1. Convert grams of NaOH to moles. The molar mass of NaOH is approximately 40 g/mol (Na = 23 g/mol, O = 16 g/mol, H = 1 g/mol).
25.0 g NaOH × (1 mol NaOH / 40 g NaOH) ≈ 0.625 mol NaOH
2. Convert the volume of water from cm³ to liters (L).
500 cm³ × (1 L / 1000 cm³) = 0.5 L
3. Calculate the concentration of the solution in moles per liter (M).
Concentration = moles of solute/volume of solvent (in liters)
Concentration = 0.625 mol NaOH / 0.5 L ≈ 1.25 M
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A sample of 0. 0400 mol potassium hydroxide, KOH was dissolved in water to yield 20. 0 mL of solution. What is the molarity of the solution?
0. 4M
250M
2. 0M
2. 00x 10-3M
The molarity of the solution is 2.0 M, option C is correct.
The molarity of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. In this problem, we are given the amount of solute, which is 0.0400 mol of potassium hydroxide, KOH, and the volume of the solution, which is 20.0 mL.
To find the molarity, we need to convert the volume to liters by dividing by 1000:
20.0 mL ÷ 1000 = 0.0200 L
Now we can use the formula for molarity:
Molarity = moles of solute ÷ liters of solution
Molarity = 0.0400 mol ÷ 0.0200 L = 2.00 M
Hence, option C is correct.
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The complete question is:
A sample of 0. 0400 mol potassium hydroxide, KOH was dissolved in water to yield 20. 0 mL of solution. What is the molarity of the solution?
A) 0.4M
B) 250M
C) 2.0M
D) 2.00x 10⁻³M
How many moles of n2 (g) are present in 1. 00 l of n2 (g) at 100. °c and 1 atm?
______ moles
There are 2.74 moles of N₂ (g) present in 1.00 L of N₂ (g) at 100°C and 1 atm.
The number of moles can be calculated using the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
First, we need to convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin by adding 273.15 K. Thus, T = 100°C + 273.15 = 373.15 K .We also need to convert the pressure from atm to Pa by multiplying by 101,325 Pa/atm. Thus, P = 1 atm × 101,325 Pa/atm = 101,325 Pa.
We can now solve for n:
n = PV/RT = (101,325 Pa × 1.00 L)/(0.08206 L⋅atm/mol⋅K × 373.15 K) = 2.74 mol N₂ (g)
Therefore, in a 1.00 L container filled with N₂ (g) at a temperature of 100°C and pressure of 1 atm, there are 2.74 moles of N₂ (g) present
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How can two balloons repel each other without touching?
Two balloons can repel each other without touching by becoming charged through friction, resulting in a net repulsive force between them due to the interaction of their charges.
This phenomenon is governed by Coulomb's law & can be explained by the behavior of atoms and molecules at a microscopic level.
Now, when the two balloons are brought near each other, the negatively charged balloon repels the electrons in the other balloon, causing the atoms in the balloon to shift slightly.
This results in a slight imbalance of charge, with one side of the balloon becoming positively charged & the other becoming negatively charged.
The positively charged side of the balloon is attracted to the negatively charged balloon, while the negatively charged side is repelled by it. This creates a net repulsive force between the two balloons, causing them to move away from each other without touching.
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A 282. 8 g sample of copper releases 175. 1 calories of heat. The specific heat capacity of copper is 0. 092 cal/(g·°C). By how much did the temperature of this sample change, in degrees Celsius?
The temperature of this 282.8 g copper sample changed by approximately 6.78 degrees Celsius.
To find the temperature change of a 282.8 g sample of copper that releases 175.1 calories of heat with a specific heat capacity of 0.092 cal/(g·°C), we can use the following formula:
q = mcΔT
where:
q = heat released (calories)
m = mass of the sample (grams)
c = specific heat capacity (cal/(g·°C))
ΔT = temperature change (°C)
Step 1: Plug in the given values into the formula.
175.1 = (282.8)(0.092)(ΔT)
Step 2: Solve for ΔT.
ΔT = 175.1 / (282.8× 0.092)
Step 3: Calculate the value of ΔT.
ΔT ≈ 6.78 °C
So, the temperature of this 282.8 g copper sample changed by approximately 6.78 degrees Celsius.
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An Absolute brightness scale is called apparent magnitude.
It is False to state that an Absolute brightness scale is called apparent magnitude.
Why is this so?The brightness of a star as seen from Earth is described by apparent magnitude. It is determined by the size of the star and its distance from Earth. On a scale of (-26.8 to +29), Negative values are low in bright stars. The Sun (apparent magnitude -26.8) is the brightest star in the sky.
The absolute magnitude scale is the same as the apparent magnitude scale, with a difference in brightness of 1 magnitude = 2.512 times. This logarithmic scale is likewise unitless and open-ended. Again, the brighter the star, the lower or more negative the value of M.
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Full Question:
An Absolute brightness scale is called apparent magnitude.
True or False?
wade could tell it was the night before trash pickup. The garbage can stank! What was it about summer that made the trash smell so bad, but the odor wasn't as bad during the winter months? construct an explanation that details the role particle energy plays in smell.
Answer:
Rameshwaram Gandhamadan mountain
Ketone 1 gives two different bicyclic products depending on the base used: when treated with potassium tert-butoxide at room temperature, it produces ketone 2, while when treated with LDA at low temperatures and then heated, it produces ketone 3. Write arrow-pushing mechanisms for the formation of both 2and 3and explain why the reaction conditions favor each product
Ketone 1 undergoes different reactions depending on the base used.
When treated with potassium tert-butoxide at room temperature, it produces ketone 2 via an intramolecular aldol reaction.
On the other hand, when treated with LDA at low temperatures, it undergoes a kinetic enolate formation followed by intramolecular cyclization to give an intermediate, which upon heating, eliminates lithium and produces ketone 3. The reaction conditions favor each product due to the different reactivity of the bases.
Potassium tert-butoxide is a strong base and promotes a fast aldol reaction at room temperature, while LDA is a weaker base that requires low temperatures to form the kinetically favored enolate intermediate, which upon heating, undergoes lithium elimination to give ketone 3.
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The other station has a solution of sodium bicarbonate (formula: nahco₃) and citric acid (formula: hoc(co2h)(ch2co2h)2).
na2hco3 (aq) + h3c3h5o7(aq) → na3c3h5o7(aq) + h2co3 (aq)
type of reaction? ___________________________________
the carbonic acid produced in this reaction keeps reacting to produce water and carbon dioxide
h2co3 (aq) → h2o(l) + co2(g)
type of reaction? decomposition
iii. notice the symbols inside the parentheses after the formula of the compounds. what do they mean?
s
l
g
aq
The type of reaction for the given equation is a double displacement reaction, where the sodium bicarbonate and citric acid react to form sodium citrate and carbonic acid. The carbonic acid then undergoes a decomposition reaction to produce water and carbon dioxide. This type of reaction is called a decomposition reaction.
The symbols inside the parentheses after the formula of the compounds represent the chemical structure of the molecule. In the case of citric acid, the parentheses indicate the presence of three carboxylic acid functional groups, which are responsible for its acidity.
The presence of these groups also allows for the reaction with sodium bicarbonate to occur, forming sodium citrate and carbonic acid. Overall, this reaction demonstrates the principles of acid-base chemistry and the importance of understanding chemical structures in predicting reactions.
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A cylinder of Krypton has contains 17 L of Ar at 22. 8 atm and 112 degrees celsisus. How many moles are in the cylinder?
The number of moles in a cylinder of Krypton can be calculated using the Ideal Gas Law, which states that the product of pressure, volume, and temperature divided by the gas constant should be equal to the number of moles of gas in the container.
Using the given values, we find that the number of moles in the cylinder is 1.61 moles. To calculate this, first convert the temperature to Kelvin (K) by adding 273.15 to the temperature in Celsius, giving us 385.95 K.
Then, the ideal gas law equation becomes (22.8 atm * 17 L) / (8.314 J/K*mol * 385.95 K) = 1.61 moles. Thus, the cylinder contains 1.61 moles of Ar.
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Elemental silicon is oxidized by o2 to give a compound which dissolves in molten na2co3. when this solution is treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid, a precipitate forms. what is the precipitate
Elemental silicon is oxidized by O₂ to give a compound which dissolves in molten Na₂CO₃. when this solution is treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid, a precipitate forms. silica gel is the precipitate.
The compound formed by the oxidation of elemental silicon with O₂ is silicon dioxide (SiO₂), which can dissolve in molten Na₂CO₃ to form sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃).
When this solution is treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl), the sodium silicate reacts with the HCl to form a precipitate of silica gel (SiO₂·nH₂O). This reaction is known as the gelatinization of sodium silicate. The sodium chloride (NaCl) formed by the reaction remains in solution.
The silica gel precipitate is often used as a desiccant or drying agent due to its high surface area and ability to adsorb water molecules.
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A gas occupies 37. 5 mL at 102. 3 kPa. At 27. 5 mL, what will the pressure be?
The pressure will be 139.92 kPa at a volume of 27.5 mL.
To answer this question, we will use Boyle's Law formula, which states that the product of the initial pressure (P1) and volume (V1) of a gas is equal to the product of the final pressure (P2) and volume (V2) when the temperature remains constant.
Step 1: Identify the initial pressure (P1), initial volume (V1), and final volume (V2).
P1 = 102.3 kPa
V1 = 37.5 mL
V2 = 27.5 mL
Step 2: Apply Boyle's Law formula, which is P1 * V1 = P2 * V2. We need to find the final pressure (P2).
102.3 kPa * 37.5 mL = P2 * 27.5 mL
Step 3: Solve for P2.
P2 = (102.3 kPa * 37.5 mL) / 27.5 mL
Step 4: Calculate the value of P2.
P2 ≈ 139.64 kPa
At 27.5 mL, the pressure of the gas will be approximately 139.64 kPa.
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Which salt solutions could be used to prepare a buffer solution?.
Buffer solutions are made by mixing a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. The pH of a buffer solution remains relatively constant when small amounts of an acid or a base are added to it.
Therefore, salt solutions containing the conjugate acid-base pair of a weak acid or a weak base could be used to prepare a buffer solution.
For example, to prepare an acetate buffer solution, one could mix a solution of sodium acetate ([tex]NaOAc[/tex]) with acetic acid ([tex]HOAc[/tex]).
The [tex]OAc^-[/tex]anion in the sodium acetate solution acts as a weak base and reacts with any added[tex]H^+[/tex] ions to form[tex]HOAc[/tex], which acts as a weak acid and buffers the solution's pH. Similarly, the [tex]NH4^+[/tex] cation in ammonium chloride ([tex]NH4Cl[/tex]) can react with [tex]OH^-[/tex]ions to form [tex]NH3[/tex], which acts as a weak base and buffers the pH of the solution.
Therefore, salt solutions containing the conjugate acid-base pair of a weak acid or a weak base can be used to prepare buffer solutions.
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Select the correct answer.
a group of analytical chemists are examining a compound. they find that it’s composed of 34.4% iron and 65.6% chlorine by mass. which compound could it be?
use the periodic table to help you find the necessary molar masses.
The correct answer is iron(III) chloride.
The molar mass of iron (Fe) is approximately 55.8 g/mol, and the molar mass of chlorine (Cl) is approximately 35.5 g/mol.
To determine the compound, we can calculate the empirical formula, which gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in the compound.
Assuming a 100 g sample of the compound, we have:
34.4 g Fe
65.6 g Cl
Converting these masses to moles:
34.4 g Fe / 55.8 g/mol Fe = 0.616 mol Fe
65.6 g Cl / 35.5 g/mol Cl = 1.85 mol Cl
Dividing by the smaller number of moles to get the simplest whole-number ratio:
Fe:Cl = 0.616 mol : (1.85 mol / 0.616 mol) = 0.616 mol : 3 mol
So the empirical formula is FeCl3, which is iron(III) chloride.
Therefore, the correct answer is iron(III) chloride (FeCl3).
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6. How many moles are in 2. 65x10 22 atoms of carbon?
7. How many moles are in 1. 79x10 25 molecules of ammonia?
In problem 6, the number of atoms of carbon is 2.65 x 10²², which corresponds to 0.044 moles of carbon after dividing by Avogadro's number whereas In problem 7, the number of molecules of ammonia is 1.79 x 10²⁵, which is equivalent to 29.7 moles of ammonia after dividing by Avogadro's number.
In 6, the number of atoms of carbon given is 2.65 x 10²². To convert this to moles, we need to divide by Avogadro's number (6.02 x 10²³ atoms/mol).
Therefore, the number of moles of carbon is:
2.65 x 10²² atoms / 6.02 x 10²³ atoms/mol = 0.044 moles of carbon
In 7, the number of molecules of ammonia given is 1.79 x 10²⁵. To convert this to moles, we need to divide by Avogadro's number (6.02 x 10²³ molecules/mol).
Therefore, the number of moles of ammonia is:
1.79 x 10²⁵ molecules / 6.02 x 10²³ molecules/mol = 29.7 moles of ammonia.
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SN1 reactions usually proceed with: Group of answer choices complete inversion at the center undergoing substitution. Slightly more inversion than retention at the center undergoing substitution. Equal amounts of inversion and retention at the center undergoing substitution. Slightly more retention than inversion at the center undergoing substitution. Complete retention at the center undergoing substitution
SN1 reactions usually proceed with equal amounts of inversion and retention at the center undergoing substitution.
In SN1 (Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular) reactions, the stereochemistry of the reaction is not generally characterized by equal amounts of inversion and retention at the center undergoing substitution. Instead, SN1 reactions typically lead to racemization or a mixture of stereoisomers.
In an SN1 reaction, the reaction proceeds in two steps. First, the leaving group departs from the substrate, generating a carbocation intermediate. Then, the nucleophile attacks the carbocation, resulting in the formation of the substitution product.
The key factor determining the stereochemistry of SN1 reactions is the nature of the carbocation intermediate. Carbocations are planar and lack stereochemistry.
As a result, the nucleophile can approach the carbocation from either side, leading to the formation of a mixture of stereoisomers or racemization.
Therefore, SN1 reactions typically result in the formation of both inverted and retained products, along with the possibility of racemization. The specific distribution of stereoisomers will depend on factors such as the nature of the nucleophile, the leaving group, and the reaction conditions.
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Certain amounts of the hypothetical substances A2 and B are mixed in a 3. 00 liter container at 300. K. When equilibrium is established for the reaction the following amounts are present: 0. 200 mol of A2, 0. 400 mol of B, 0. 200 mol of D, and 0. 100 mol of E. What is Kp, the equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressures, for this reaction
To find the equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressures, we need to first write the balanced equation for the reaction and then determine the partial pressures of the gases at equilibrium.
Assuming the hypothetical reaction is:
A2 (g) + 2B (g) ⇌ 2C (g) + D (g) + E (g)
At equilibrium, the number of moles of each substance can be used to calculate the partial pressures using the ideal gas law:
PA2 = nA2 * RT / V = 0.200 mol * 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) * 300 K / 3.00 L = 4.10 atm
PB = nB * RT / V = 0.400 mol * 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) * 300 K / 3.00 L = 8.20 atm
PC = nC * RT / V = (0.200 mol / 2) * 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) * 300 K / 3.00 L = 2.05 atm
PD = 0.100 mol * 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) * 300 K / 3.00 L = 2.05 atm
PE = 0.200 mol * 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K) * 300 K / 3.00 L = 4.10 atm
Kp can be calculated as the product of the partial pressures of the products, raised to their stoichiometric coefficients, divided by the product of the partial pressures of the reactants, raised to their stoichiometric coefficients:
Kp = (PC)^2 * (PD) * (PE) / (PA2) * (PB)^2
Kp = (2.05 atm)^2 * (2.05 atm) * (4.10 atm) / (4.10 atm) * (8.20 atm)^2
Kp = 0.0452 atm
Therefore, the equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressures (Kp) for this reaction is 0.0452 atm.
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3. If 720. 0 g of steam at 400. 0 °C absorbs 800. 0 kJ of heat energy, what will be its increase in
temperature? (Cp of steam = 1. 7 J/g °C)
The increase in temperature of the steam if it absorbs 800 kJ of heat energy is 653.6°C
How to calculate increase in temperature?The specific heat capacity is the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a system by one temperature unit. The increase in temperature of a metal can be calculated using the following expression;
Q = mc∆T
Where;
Q = quantity of heat absorbed or releasedm = massc = specific heat capacity∆T = change in temperature800,000 = 720 × 1.7 × ∆T
800000 = 1,224∆T
∆T = 653.6°C
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I need help doing a bond line angle, and naming them. Along with their function groups.
What is the answer of the ice cream activity of integration
The ice cream activity of integration is that it demonstrates how integration can be used to find the area under a curve or the total quantity of a certain variable, such as the amount of ice cream consumed.
This activity involves plotting the ice cream consumption over time on a graph, with the x-axis representing time and the y-axis representing the amount of ice cream consumed. The curve formed by the data points represents the rate of ice cream consumption.
The goal of this activity is to find the total amount of ice cream consumed during a specific time interval. To do this, you can use integration, which is a mathematical technique for finding the area under a curve.
By integrating the function that describes the curve, you can determine the total ice cream consumed during the given time period. This activity helps to illustrate the concept and application of integration in real-life situations.
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how much energy is required to take ice from -15 C to 125 C
(150g of ice)
It takes approximately 406,687.5 joules of energy to take 150 grams of ice from -15°C to 125°C.
To determine the amount of energy required to take ice from -15°C to 125°C, we need to consider two stages of the process; Heating the ice from -15°C to 0°C, causing it to melt, and Heating the resulting water from 0°C to 125°C
We can calculate the amount of energy required for each stage separately and then add them together to get the total energy required.
Heating the ice from -15°C to 0°C; The specific heat capacity of ice is 2.09 J/(g·°C), which means that it takes 2.09 joules of energy to raise the temperature of 1 gram of ice by 1°C. Since we have 150 grams of ice, we can calculate the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of the ice from -15°C to 0°C as;
Q1 = m × c × ΔT
= 150 g × 2.09 J/(g·°C) × (0°C - (-15°C))
= 4,987.5 J
Therefore, it takes 4,987.5 joules of energy to heat the ice from -15°C to 0°C
Heating the water from 0°C to 125°C; The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/(g·°C), which means that it takes 4.18 joules of energy to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C. We need to heat the water from 0°C to 100°C (the boiling point of water at standard pressure) and then from 100°C to 125°C.
For the first stage, we can calculate the amount of energy required as;
Q₂a = m × c × ΔT
= 150 g × 4.18 J/(g·°C) × (100°C - 0°C)
= 62,700 J
The heat of vaporization of water at standard pressure is 2,260 J/g. Since we have 150 grams of water, we can calculate the amount of energy required to convert all the water to steam as:
Q₂b = m × Lv = 150 g × 2,260 J/g
= 339,000 J
Therefore, it takes a total of;
Q = Q₁ + Q₂a + Q₂b
= 4,987.5 J + 62,700 J + 339,000 J
= 406,687.5 J
Therefore, it takes 406,687.5 joules of energy.
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