A 500.0 mL sample of pure water is allowed to come to equilibrium with pure oxygen gas at a pressure of 755 mm Hg. 15.6g is the mass of oxygen gas dissolves in the water. The correct option is option A.
The quantity of matter that makes up every object or body is the greatest way to understand mass. Everything that we can see has mass. Examples of objects with mass include a table, a seat on your bed, a soccer ball, an alcoholic beverage, and even the air. The mass of a thing determines whether it is light or heavy. Mass is the most fundamental feature of matter and one among the most fundamental quantities in physics. The total volume of matter that is contained in a body is known as its mass. The kilogramme (kg) is the unit of measurement of mass.
p=KH×C
755= 1.3 x 10⁻³×C
C= 1.3 x 10⁻³/755
= 0.98
C= moles /volume
0.98= moles / 500
moles =0.98× 500
=490.7
mass = 490.7× 32
=15.6g
Therefore, the correct option is option A.
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ch 11. acetic acid has a normal boiling point of 118 C and a delta H vap = 23.4 kj/mol. what is the vapor pressure in mmHg of acetic acid at 25 C?
a. 2.92 x 10^-39
b. 7.16 x 10^3
c.758
d. 80.6
The vapor pressure of acetic acid is 80.6 mm Hg. The correct option is D.
To calculate the vapor pressure at another temperature, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation can be used wherein
P is the vapor pressure,
ΔH is the enthalpy of vaporization,
R is the ideal gas constant, and
T is the temperature.The formula of Clapeyron equation is:[tex]\frac{P_2}{P_1} =\rm{exp[\frac{-H}{R} (\frac{1}{T_2} -\frac{1}{T_1} )][/tex]
The given values are:P₁=760 mm Hg
,T₁=118°C=118+273.15=391.15 K,
T₂=30°C=30+273.15=303.15 K.
Substitution of values in equation gives,[tex]P_2=760 exp[\dfrac{-234}{8.314} (\dfrac{1}{303.15} -\dfrac{1}{391.15)} \\=80.6\ mmHg[/tex]
Thus, vapor pressure of acetic acid is 80.6 mm Hg.The correct option is D.
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What does this tell us about the relative reactivity of the carbons in a C=O vs. a C=N bond?
The relative reactivity of carbons in a C=O (carbonyl) bond and a C=N (imine) bond can be understood based on the electronic properties of the two functional groups.
In a C=O bond, the carbon atom is electron-deficient due to the strong electronegativity of the oxygen atom, which attracts electrons away from the carbon.
This electron-deficiency makes the carbon in a C=O bond relatively electrophilic, meaning it is prone to attack by nucleophiles.
In contrast, in a C=N bond, the carbon atom is less electron-deficient than in a C=O bond because nitrogen is less electronegative than oxygen. As a result, the carbon in a C=N bond is relatively less electrophilic than in a C=O bond.
Therefore, in general, carbonyl compounds (C=O) are more reactive than imines (C=N) towards nucleophilic attack due to the greater electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon.
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Which bomb category is not suitable for target penetration?
The bomb category that is not suitable for target penetration is the airburst bomb.
Airburst bombs are designed to detonate in the air, creating a large blast wave and damaging a wide area rather than penetrating a specific target. These bombs are commonly used to attack ground targets such as enemy troops, vehicles, or buildings.
When detonated, the airburst bomb releases a large amount of energy in a short amount of time, creating a shock wave that can cause significant damage to the target area.
However, the bomb does not penetrate the target directly, making it less effective against hardened targets such as bunkers or underground structures. In contrast, penetrator bombs are designed to penetrate the target before detonating, maximizing the damage to the target and minimizing collateral damage to the surrounding area. Therefore, the choice of bomb type depends on the specific target and the desired outcome of the attack.
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A material has a coefficient of volume expansion of 60 ´ 10-6/°C. What is its area coefficient of expansion?
The material has an area coefficient of expansion of 1.2 × [tex]10^{-4}[/tex]/°C.
How to determine the area coefficient of expansion?The coefficient of thermal expansion is a material property that describes the change in length, area or volume of a material in response to a change in temperature. The area coefficient of thermal expansion is the fractional change in area of a material per unit change in temperature.
To find the area coefficient of expansion, we need to use the relationship between the coefficients of volume and area expansion, which is:
β = 2α
where β is the area coefficient of expansion and α is the coefficient of volume expansion. Substituting the given value of α = 60 × [tex]10^{-6}[/tex]/°C, we get:
β = 2 × 60 × [tex]10^{-6}[/tex]/°C
β = 120 × [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] /°C
β = 1.2 × [tex]10^{-4}[/tex]/°C
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104) Identify an amine.A) CH3CH2OCH2CH3B) CH3CH2OHC) CH3CH2NH2D) CH3CH2CH2CH3E) CH3COOH
The correct answer is C) CH3CH2NH2. This molecule is an amine because it contains a nitrogen atom (N) directly bonded to an alkyl group (CH3CH2).
This molecule is an amine because it contains a nitrogen atom (N) directly bonded to an alkyl group (CH3CH2). Specifically, the nitrogen atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one ethyl group (CH3CH2), which makes it a primary amine.
Amines are organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons. They are classified based on the number of alkyl groups or hydrogen atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom.
Primary amines have one alkyl group or hydrogen atom bonded to the nitrogen, secondary amines have two, and tertiary amines have three.
In this case, the nitrogen atom in CH3CH2NH2 is only bonded to one ethyl group and two hydrogen atoms, so it is a primary amine. Amines have a variety of applications, including as building blocks for pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and dyes.
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Rank the following elements in order of decreasing atomic radius.... Ar, S, Cl, P
The order of decreasing atomic radius is: Ar > S > Cl > P.
Atomic radius is the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electrons of an atom. It tends to decrease from left to right across a period and increase from top to bottom within a group on the periodic table.
Ar (argon) is a noble gas and has the largest atomic radius among the given elements because it has a completely filled outermost shell of electrons, which shields the nuclear charge effectively.
S (sulfur) has a larger atomic radius than Cl (chlorine) and P (phosphorus) because it is in the third period of the periodic table, which means it has more energy levels and a larger atomic size.
Cl has a smaller atomic radius than S because it has a higher effective nuclear charge due to its greater number of protons, which attracts the outermost electrons more strongly, thereby decreasing the atomic radius.
Finally, P has the smallest atomic radius because it is smaller in size than both S and Cl, with fewer energy levels and a greater effective nuclear charge.
Therefore, the order of decreasing atomic radius is Ar > S > Cl > P.
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13) How many moles of chlorine gas are needed to make 0.6 moles of sodium chloride?
Given the reaction: 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
A) 0.6
B) 0.3
C) 1.2
D) 3.6
E) not enough information
To determine the amount of chlorine gas needed to make a certain amount of sodium chloride, we need to use stoichiometry and the balanced equation for the reaction.
According to the equation, 2 moles of sodium react with 1 mole of chlorine gas to produce 2 moles of sodium chloride. Therefore, for every mole of sodium chloride produced, we need half a mole of chlorine gas.
Since we want to make 0.6 moles of sodium chloride, we need half that amount, or 0.3 moles of chlorine gas. Thus, the correct answer is B) 0.3.
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Two step strategy for % composition of a compound
The two-step strategy for determining the percentage composition of a compound include: Calculating the molar mass of the compound and Calculating the percentage composition.
Calculate the molar mass of the compound
To determine the percentage composition of a compound, you must first calculate its molar mass. This is done by adding up the atomic masses of all the elements present in the compound. You can find the atomic masses of elements in the periodic table. For example, if your compound is H2O (water), the molar mass would be 2 x (mass of Hydrogen) + 1 x (mass of Oxygen) = 18.02 g/mol.
Calculate the percentage composition
Next, calculate the percentage composition of each element in the compound. Divide the total mass of the specific element by the molar mass of the compound, then multiply by 100 to get the percentage. For H2O, the percentage composition of Hydrogen is [(2 x mass of Hydrogen) / (molar mass of H2O)] x 100 = 11.19%. The percentage composition of Oxygen is [(1 x mass of Oxygen) / (molar mass of H2O)] x 100 = 88.81%.
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what if too much solvent is placed in the developing chamber
The level of the solvent system is too high. If the level of the solvent system in the chamber is above the spot when the plate is inserted, the compound from the spot will dissolve in the solvent instead of migrating up the plate. You may see irreproducible results if you reuse the solvent system for several TLCs.
In the fischer projection of D-glucose, what is the penultimate carbon and why?
Answer:
In a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, the penultimate carbon is the next-to-last carbon or alternatively, the last stereogenic carbon. For D-sugars, this carbon is depicted with hydrogen on the left and hydroxyl on the right.
Explanation:
A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional molecule. It is commonly used to depict monosaccharides and amino acids. In a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, the penultimate carbon is the next-to-last carbon or alternatively, the last stereogenic carbon. For D-sugars, this carbon is depicted with hydrogen on the left and hydroxyl on the right. This notation is used to differentiate between L- and D- carbohydrates. L- and D- carbohydrates are enantiomers, which means they are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
how does a competitive inhibitor affect the value of Km?
A competitive inhibitor is a type of enzyme inhibitor that binds to the active site of the enzyme and competes with the substrate for binding.
As a result, the competitive inhibitor can increase the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of the enzyme.
Km is a measure of the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. A higher value of Km indicates a lower affinity of the enzyme for the substrate, which means that the enzyme requires a higher concentration of the substrate to reach half of its maximum reaction rate (Vmax).
When a competitive inhibitor is present, it decreases the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate by occupying the active site and preventing the substrate from binding.
This means that a higher concentration of the substrate is required to overcome the inhibition caused by the competitive inhibitor, which leads to an increase in the apparent Km.
In other words, a competitive inhibitor increases the Km because it makes it more difficult for the substrate to bind to the enzyme.
The effect of the competitive inhibitor on Vmax depends on the concentration of the inhibitor relative to the concentration of the substrate.
If the concentration of the inhibitor is high enough to completely saturate the active site, it can decrease the Vmax by preventing the substrate from binding to the enzyme.
However, if the concentration of the inhibitor is low, the effect on Vmax may be minimal, as the substrate can still bind to the enzyme and reach the maximum reaction rate.
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Through what three ways does the renal system regulate the ECF concentration of H+?1. It can increase the secretion of H+2. It can increase reabsorption of HCO3-3. It can make new HCO3- through ammonia and titratable acid excretion.
The renal system regulates the extracellular fluid (ECF) concentration of H+ in three ways:
1. Increasing H+ secretion: The renal system can increase the secretion of H+ ions in the nephron's tubules, which helps remove excess H+ from the ECF and maintain the acid-base balance.
2. Increasing HCO3- reabsorption: The renal system can increase the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the tubules, which helps buffer the H+ ions in the ECF and prevent acidosis.
3. Producing new HCO3-: The renal system can generate new bicarbonate ions through ammonia and titratable acid excretion. Ammonia (NH3) combines with H+ ions to form ammonium ions (NH4+), while titratable acids (like phosphates) can bind with H+ ions.
Both processes help eliminate H+ ions from the body, allowing for the formation of new HCO3- ions to maintain acid-base balance.
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You need to make 0.28 M solution of glucose (C6H12O6). You have 100 g of gluciose available. IF you use all of the glucose to make solution, what will be the total volume?
The total volume of the 0.28 M glucose solution made using 100 g of glucose would be 1.25 L.
To calculate the volume of the solution, we need to first determine the number of moles of glucose present in 100 g of glucose:
Mass of glucose = 100 g
Molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6) = 6(12.01 g/mol) + 12(1.01 g/mol) + 6(16.00 g/mol) = 180.18 g/mol
Number of moles of glucose = Mass of glucose / Molar mass of glucose = 100 g / 180.18 g/mol = 0.555 mol
Now, we can use the formula for the concentration of a solution:
Molarity (M) = Number of moles / Volume (L)
Rearranging the formula, we get:
Volume (L) = Number of moles / Molarity (M)
Substituting the values given in the question, we get:
Volume (L) = 0.555 mol / 0.28 mol/L = 1.98 L
Therefore, the total volume would be 1.98 L.
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Seventeen apples eight 3.25 pounds they cost 59 cents for 1 pound what is the cost of 8.95x10^3 apples?
The cost of [tex]8.95x10^3[/tex] apples = $1,624.18.
What do you understand by the cost of an article?The cost of an article refers to the price that is associated with producing, acquiring, or manufacturing the item.
Let's start by figuring out how much a pound of apples costs:
59 cents/1 pound = $0.59/1 pound
Next, let's determine how much 17 apples weigh in total.
17 apples x 3.25 pounds/apple = 55.25 pounds
Let's now determine how much one apple costs:
$0.59/1 pound x 1/3.25 pounds/apple = $0.1815/apple
Let's finally determine how much [tex]8.95x10^3[/tex] apples would cost:
[tex]8.95x10^3[/tex] apples x $0.1815/apple = $1,624.18
As a result, cost of [tex]8.95x10^3[/tex] apples = $1,624.18
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can someone please help with identifying the ir? i believe it is either benzoic acid or mandelic acid
To identify the IR (infrared) spectrum of a compound and determine if it is benzoic acid or mandelic acid, you can follow these steps:
1. Obtain the infrared spectra of both benzoic acid and mandelic acid for comparison.
2. Analyze the key functional groups in each compound. Benzoic acid contains a carboxylic acid group, while mandelic acid has both a carboxylic acid group and an alcohol group.
3. Compare the IR spectrum of your unknown compound with the spectra of benzoic acid and mandelic acid.
4. Look for specific absorption bands that correspond to the functional groups. For example, the carboxylic acid group typically has a strong, broad absorption between 2500-3300 cm⁻¹ for O-H stretching and a sharp absorption at around 1700 cm⁻¹ for C=O stretching. The alcohol group in mandelic acid will also show a broad absorption in the range of 3200-3600 cm⁻¹ for O-H stretching.
5. Determine which reference spectrum your unknown compound's IR spectrum matches more closely. If the unknown spectrum exhibits only the carboxylic acid peaks, it is likely benzoic acid. If it shows both carboxylic acid and alcohol peaks, it is likely mandelic acid.
By following these steps, you can identify whether your unknown compound is benzoic acid or mandelic acid based on its IR spectrum.
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What are safety precautions should be used when working with xylene?
When working with xylene, a highly flammable liquid with potential health hazards, it is important to take appropriate safety precautions.
These include wearing personal protective equipment, such as gloves, safety glasses, and lab coats, to prevent skin contact and inhalation of vapors. Xylene should be used in a well-ventilated area with proper ventilation systems to avoid excessive inhalation of fumes.
Smoking, open flames, and sparks should be avoided in the work area due to the flammability of xylene. Additionally, spills should be cleaned up immediately, and proper disposal methods for xylene and contaminated materials should be followed to prevent environmental damage.
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to a first approximation, the ionization constant of H2S is,
a) near zero
b) much less than 1
c) about 1
d) much more than 1
The ionization constant of H[tex]_{2}[/tex]S is much less than 1, which suggests that H[tex]_{2}[/tex]S is a weak acid. Option b is answer.
When an acid dissolves in water, it donates a hydrogen ion (H+) to the water molecules, which makes the solution more acidic. The strength of an acid is determined by its tendency to donate H+ ions. A strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), completely dissociates in water and donates all of its H+ ions, while a weak acid, such as H[tex]_{2}[/tex]S, only partially dissociates and donates only some of its H+ ions. The ionization constant (Ka) is a measure of the strength of an acid and represents the ratio of dissociated H+ ions to undissociated acid molecules in a solution.
In conclusion, the ionization constant of H[tex]_{2}[/tex]S is much less than 1, which indicates that it is a weak acid. This means that H[tex]_{2}[/tex]S only partially dissociates in water and donates only some of its H+ ions. Understanding the strength of acids is important in many fields, including chemistry, biology, and medicine.
Option b is answer.
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52) Give the formula for plumbous phosphate.A) Pb3(PO4)2B) Pb2(PO4)3C) PbPO4D) Pb3(PO3)4E) Pb3(PO4)4
The formula for plumbous phosphate is C) PbPO4.
Plumbous phosphate is an ionic compound that contains one cation of lead (Pb²⁺) and one anion of phosphate (PO₄³⁻).
The formula unit of plumbous phosphate is PbPO₄, and it is commonly used in the production of ceramic materials, as a stabilizer for plastics, and as a component in some types of paints and coatings. Plumbous phosphate is a white or yellowish crystalline solid that is insoluble in water but soluble in acids.
Its melting point is 962°C, and it has a density of 6.8 g/cm³. The compound can be prepared by reacting lead nitrate (Pb(NO₃)₂) with sodium phosphate (Na₃PO₄) in a solution, and then filtering and drying the resulting precipitate.
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Use of SG to Calculate Volume Using the SI System Must know SG and weight KNOW THIS Equation (same as previous sections, just rearranged) milliliters = (grams/SG) Example Volume in mL of 642 g of nitric acid (SG=1.40) (642 g/1.40) = 458.6 mL
The volume of nitric acid in mL is 458.6 mL.
The specific gravity of a substance can provide information about its purity, concentration, or composition. The use of specific gravity (SG) to calculate volume using the SI system involves knowing the SG and weight of the substance.
The equation used is the same as in previous sections but rearranged to solve for volume in milliliters (mL) instead of weight in grams.
To calculate volume in mL, divide the weight in grams by the SG.
For example, if you have 642 g of nitric acid with an SG of 1.40:
The volume in mL would be (642 g/1.40) = 458.6 mL.
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50) The chemical formula for the iodite ion is A) I-.B) I3-.C) IO2-.D) IO3-.
The chemical formula for the iodite ion is C) IO2-.
The iodite ion, or iodine dioxide anion, is the halite with the chemical formula IO−2. Within the ion the Iodine exists in the oxidation state of +3. Iodites (including iodous acid) are highly unstable and have been observed but never isolated. They will rapidly disproportionate to molecular Iodine and Iodates. However, they have been detected as intermediates in the conversion between iodide and iodate.
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how many kilocalories (energy) are released from metabolism of 28 g of carbohydrates? enter numeral only.
The metabolism of 28 grams of carbohydrates releases 112 kilocalories of energy.
There are 4 kilocalories of energy released per gram of carbohydrates metabolized. Therefore, to calculate the total energy released from the metabolism of 28 g of carbohydrates, we can simply multiply 28 g by 4 kcal/g, which equals 112 kilocalories.
It's important to note that not all carbohydrates are created equal in terms of their impact on energy release. Simple carbohydrates, such as those found in sugar and processed foods, can cause rapid spikes and crashes in blood sugar levels, leading to inconsistent energy levels throughout the day.
On the other hand, complex carbohydrates found in whole foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are digested more slowly, leading to a more sustained release of energy over time.
Additionally, factors such as an individual's metabolic rate and level of physical activity can impact the amount of energy released from carbohydrate metabolism. Those with a faster metabolism or who engage in regular physical activity may burn through carbohydrates more quickly, leading to a greater overall release of energy.
Overall, while the specific amount of energy released from carbohydrate metabolism may vary based on individual factors and the specific type of carbohydrate being consumed, the general guideline of 4 kcal/g can be a helpful starting point for understanding the energy potential of this important macronutrient.
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Which one is thermodynamically favored at equilibrium, dissolution or precipitation?
At equilibrium, the thermodynamically favored process depends on the relative magnitudes of the Gibbs free energy changes for dissolution and precipitation.
How the thermodynamically favored process depends on the relative magnitudes?At equilibrium, the thermodynamically favored process depends on the relative magnitudes of the Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG) for dissolution and precipitation. The process with the lower value of ΔG is favored at equilibrium. If the value of ΔG for dissolution is negative, it means that the process releases energy and is therefore thermodynamically favored at equilibrium.
On the other hand, if the value of ΔG for precipitation is negative, it means that the process gains energy and is therefore thermodynamically favored at equilibrium. Thus, whether dissolution or precipitation is favored depends on the specific chemical system and the conditions under which it is operating.
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How does the principle energy level and the nuclear charge of an atom change in going from left to right across a period?
As you move from left to right across a period, the principle energy level of an atom remains the same. However, the nuclear charge increases due to the addition of protons in the nucleus, resulting in a greater positive charge.
This increased nuclear charge attracts electrons more strongly, causing them to be held more tightly to the nucleus. As a result, the atomic radius decreases across a period.
Additionally, as the valence electrons are added to the same outermost energy level, they experience greater electrostatic repulsion from each other, causing the shielding effect to remain constant and resulting in an increase in ionization energy and electronegativity.
Overall, the trend is that atoms become smaller and more reactive towards gaining electrons as you move from left to right across a period.
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Physical or chemical change? Salt crystals forming on a hot day by the Great Salt Lake
The formation of salt crystals on a hot day by the Great Salt Lake is a physical change. This is because the process does not involve a chemical reaction that changes the composition of the salt. The heat simply causes the water to evaporate, leaving behind the salt crystals.
A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Physical properties include color, density, hardness, and melting and boiling points. A chemical property describes the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change.
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when 4-ethoxyaniline reacts with acetic anhydride, what new functional group or type of compound is formed?
When 4-ethoxyaniline reacts with acetic anhydride, the new functional group formed is an amide. The type of compound formed is called N-acetyl-4-ethoxyaniline.
4-Ethoxyaniline, which contains an amino group (-NH2), reacts with acetic anhydride. The acetic anhydride undergoes nucleophilic acyl substitution with the amino group.
The oxygen in the amino group attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acetic anhydride, breaking the carbonyl double bond and forming a tetrahedral intermediate. The intermediate collapses, reforming the carbonyl double bond and expelling the acetate ion.
The result is the formation of an amide functional group, specifically N-acetyl-4-ethoxyaniline.
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T or F Antoine Lavoisier formulated the atomic theory
Antoine Lavoisier formulated the atomic theory. This statement is False.
While Antoine Lavoisier made significant contributions to the development of modern chemistry, he did not formulate the atomic theory.
The atomic theory was first proposed by the English chemist John Dalton in the early 19th century.
Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms, which have unique properties based on their element.
Dalton also suggested that chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms, but do not create or destroy them.
Lavoisier, on the other hand, is best known for his work on the law of conservation of mass and the development of the modern system of naming chemical compounds.
He was a key figure in the transition from alchemy to modern chemistry and made many significant contributions to the field, but he did not formulate the atomic theory.
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Explain why the addition of 0.100 M NaOH to 0.100 M HNO₂ can result in the formation of a buffer solution. Include the net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when the student adds NaOH to the HNO₂.
The addition of a strong base like NaOH to a weak acid like HNO₂ can result in the formation of a buffer solution if the added base and the weak acid are present in nearly equal amounts.
In this case, the weak acid (HNO₂) reacts with the strong base (NaOH) to form its conjugate base (NO₂⁻) and water (H₂O).
The net ionic equation for the reaction between NaOH and HNO₂ can be written as follows:
HNO₂ + OH⁻ → NO₂⁻ + H₂O
The NO₂⁻ ion produced by this reaction acts as a weak base and can react with any additional H⁺ ions that might be introduced to the solution, thereby preventing significant changes in the pH of the solution. The presence of both the weak acid (HNO₂) and its conjugate base (NO₂⁻) in the solution allows the solution to resist changes in pH and act as a buffer.
In summary, the addition of NaOH to HNO₂ can result in the formation of a buffer solution due to the reaction between the weak acid and the strong base, which produces the weak base and its conjugate acid.
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Calcium hydroxide has a Ksp of 4. 68 x10-6.
a. How many moles of calcium hydroxide will dissolve in 1 L of pure water (it’s molar solubility)?
b. At most, how many moles of calcium hydroxide will dissolve in 1 L of 3. 25 M NaOH solution?
c. What minimum concentration of sodium hydroxide is needed to precipitate calcium from a 0. 015 M solution of calcium chloride?
When calcium hydroxide has a Ksp of 4.68 x 10⁻⁶, the number of moles of calcium hydroxide that will dissolve in 1 L of pure water is 1.05 × 10⁻² mol, the number of moles of calcium hydroxide that will dissolve in 1 L of 3. 25 M NaOH solution is 4.43 × 10⁻⁷ and the minimum concentration of sodium hydroxide is needed to precipitate calcium from a 0. 015 M solution of calcium chloride is 0.09 M.
(A)
Ksp of Ca(OH)₂ = 4.68 × 10⁻⁶
Ca(OH)₂ → Ca²⁺ + 2OH⁻
Ksp = [Ca²⁺] [OH⁻]²
⇒ Ksp = S × (2S)²
⇒ Ksp = 4S³
⇒ S = (Ksp/4)^1/3
⇒ S = (4.68 × 10⁻⁶/4)^1/3
⇒ S = 0.0105 M
Mole of Ca(OH)₂ = Solubility × Volume
= 0.0105 M × 1L = 1.05 × 10⁻² mol
(B)
Ca(OH)₂ → Ca²⁺ + 2OH⁻
Ksp = [Ca²⁺] [OH⁻]²
4.68 × 10⁻⁶ = S × (3.25)²
S = (4.68 × 10⁻⁶)/(3.25)² = 4.43 × 10⁻⁷ M
Mole of Cu(OH)₂ = Solubility × Volume
= 4.43 × 10⁻⁷ M × 1 L = 4.43 × 10⁻⁷ M
(C)
Ca(OH)₂ → Ca²⁺ + 2OH⁻
Ksp = [Ca²⁺] [OH⁻]²
4.68 × 10⁻⁶ = 0.015 × (2S)²
S = [4.68 × 10⁻⁶ / 0.015 × 4]^1/2
S = 8.83 × 10⁻³ M = 0.0883 M = 0.09 M
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the chemist dissolves 16 mmol CDP in 1 L of aqueous solution containing PNP and Mg+2 and buffers the solution at pH 8.7.
the pKa for the dissociation of H2PO4 to HPO4-2 is 6.7. what is the initial ratio of HPO4 to H2PO4 in the buffer solution of experiment 1?
a) 1:1
b) 2:1
c) 100:1
d) 200:1
The initial ratio of [tex]HPO_4^{2-}[/tex] to [tex]H_2PO_4[/tex] in the buffer solution is 100:1.
Answer: c) 100:1
The pH of the buffer solution is 8.7, which is higher than the pKa of the [tex]H_2PO_4/HPO_4^{2-}[/tex] system (pKa = 6.7). This means that the buffer solution is in the basic range and the majority of the phosphate groups will be in the deprotonated form of [tex]HPO_4^{2-}[/tex].
To calculate the ratio of [tex]HPO_4^{2-}[/tex] to [tex]H_2PO_4[/tex]in the buffer solution, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
[tex]pH = pKa + log([HPO_4^{2-}]/[H_2PO_4])[/tex]
Rearranging this equation gives:
[[tex]HPO_4^{2-}[/tex]]/[[tex]H_2PO_4[/tex]] = [tex]10^{(pH - pKa)[/tex]
Substituting the given values, we get:
[[tex]HPO_4^{2-}[/tex]]/[[tex]H_2PO_4[/tex]= [tex]10^{(8.7 - 6.7)}[/tex] = 100
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17. You have a % recovery of benzoic acid of 44%. Provide reasonable explanation(s) for this result.
A 44% recovery of benzoic acid could be due to incomplete extraction, loss during evaporation or filtration, impure starting material, or measurement errors.
The possible explanations for this result could include:
1. Incomplete extraction: During the extraction process, not all benzoic acid might have been successfully transferred from the original solution to the new one, resulting in a lower recovery rate.
2. Loss during evaporation or filtration: Some benzoic acid could have been lost while evaporating the solvent or during the filtration process, leading to a lower percentage of the recovery.
3. Impure starting material: The initial sample of benzoic acid might have contained impurities, which could have affected the recovery process and resulted in a lower percentage.
4. Measurement errors: There could be errors in the initial and final mass measurements, leading to an inaccurate calculation of the percent recovery of benzoic acid.
In conclusion, a 44% recovery of benzoic acid could be due to incomplete extraction, loss during evaporation or filtration, impure starting material, or measurement errors.
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