Calculate the cell potential for the galvanic cell in which the given reaction occurs at 25 °C, given that [Ti2+]=0.00140 M and [Au3+]=0.887 M .
3Ti(s)+2Au3+(aq)↽−−⇀3Ti2+(aq)+2Au(s)

The problem requires the calculation of the volume of carbon dioxide produced at STP when 587 mol of octane combusts; ,therefore, the volume of CO₂ produced at 36.0 °C and 0.995 atm is approximately 124,700 L.

The ideal gas law is given by:

PV = nRT

P is the pressure in atm, V is the volume in L, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/mol·K), and T is the temperature in K.

587 mol octane × (16 mol CO₂/2 mol octane) = 4696 mol CO2

Next, one can use the ideal gas law to calculate the volume of CO₂ produced at 36.0 °C and 0.995 atm. Then one needs to convert the temperature to kelvin by adding 273.15:

T = 36.0 °C + 273.15 = 309.15 K

Substituting the values into the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

V = nRT/P

V = (4696 mol)(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(309.15 K)/(0.995 atm)

V ≈ 124,700 L

Therefore, the volume of CO2 produced at 36.0 °C and 0.995 atm is approximately 124,700 L.

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The 210.00 g sample of the water with the initial temperature of the 29.0°C absorbs the 7,000.0 J of heat. The final temperature of the water is the 36.9  °C .

The mass of the water = 210 g

The initial temperature = 29.0 °C

The final temperature = ?

The heat energy = 7000 J

The specific heat capacity = 4.184 J/g  °C

The heat energy is expressed as :

Q = m c ΔT

Where,

The m is mass of water = 210 g

The c is specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g  °C

The  ΔT is change in temperature = final temperature - initial temperature

The  ΔT is change in temperature = T - 29.0 °C

7000 = 210 × 4.184 ( T - 29.0  )

7000 = 878.64 ( T - 29.0  )

( T - 29.0  ) = 7.966

T = 36.9  °C

The final temperature is 36.9  °C .

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Answer:

9. B

10. Loses

Explanation:

9. Conduction is The procedure by which thermal energy or electricity is directly transported through a substance without the material moving when there is a variance in temperature between adjacent parts. Only choice B shows this process.

10. In exothermic reactions, energy/heat is lost. Exothermic reactions are characterized by a negative delta H, such as the delta H for the reaction show.

The S-P difference (sec) is used to calculate the distance (km) between an earthquake epicenter and a seismic station, while the magnitude (M) is a measure of the energy released during the earthquake.

These parameters are important for understanding the severity and impact of an earthquake, as well as for predicting future seismic activity.

The S-P difference (sec) refers to the time difference between the arrival of the primary (P) waves and the secondary (S) waves at a seismic station. This time difference is used to calculate the distance (km) between the earthquake epicenter and the seismic station, using the equation: distance (km) = S-P difference (sec) x 8 km/sec. This calculation assumes that the waves travel at a constant speed through the Earth's interior.
The magnitude (M) of an earthquake is a measure of the energy released during the earthquake, and is usually determined using a seismometer. The magnitude scale is logarithmic, meaning that each increase of one unit represents a tenfold increase in seismic energy. For example, an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 is ten times more powerful than one with a magnitude of 4.0, and 100 times more powerful than one with a magnitude of 3.0.

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If a gaseous sample has a density of 0.978 g/L at 30 °C and 615 torr,  the molar mass of the compound is 24.8 g/mol.

To calculate the molar mass of the compound, we first need to calculate the number of moles present in the gaseous sample using the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

Where P is the pressure in atm, V is the volume in L, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant (0.0821 L atm/mol K), and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Converting the given pressure of 615 torr to atm:
615 torr = 0.811 atm
Converting the given temperature of 30°C to Kelvin:
30°C + 273.15 = 303.15 K

Rounding off to two significant figures, we get:
P = 0.81 atm
T = 303 K

Now, rearranging the ideal gas law equation to solve for n:
n = PV/RT

Substituting the given values:

n = (0.978 g/L) x (1 L) / (0.081 atm x 0.0821 L atm/mol K x 303 K)

n = 0.0394 mol

Next, we can calculate the molar mass of the compound using the formula:

molar mass = mass / mole
molar mass = (0.978 g/L) x (1 L) / 0.0394 mol
molar mass = 24.8 g/mol
Therefore, 24.8 g/mol is the molar mass of the compound.

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Answer:

Water molecules pull the sodium and chloride ions apart, breaking the ionic bond that held them together. After the salt compounds are pulled apart, the sodium and chloride atoms are surrounded by water molecules, as this diagram shows. Once this happens, the salt is dissolved, resulting in a homogeneous solution.

Explanation:

Charles's law of gases states that the density of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its temperature at constant pressure.

The equation is as follows;

Va/Ta = Vb/Tb

Where;

0.67/362 = 1.12/Tb

0.00185Tb = 1.12

Tb = 605.41K

This temperature in °C is 605.41 - 273 = 332°C

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If heat is going into a system, it means that energy must have come out from the surroundings.

Heat is a form of energy transfer from a hotter object to a cooler one, and the direction of heat flow is always from the hotter object to the cooler one.

Therefore, if heat is entering a system, it must be gaining energy from its surroundings, which are at a lower temperature and therefore have less thermal energy.

Conversely, if heat is leaving a system, it means that energy is being transferred from the system to its surroundings, which are at a higher temperature and therefore have more thermal energy.

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Answer:

exothermic reaction is: Reactants → Products + Energy.

Explanation:

Note: ΔH represents the change in energy. If the energy produced in an exothermic reaction is released as heat, it results in a rise in temperature.

The mass (in grams) of propane that will be required, assuming all the heat from the combustion reaction is absorbed by the pork is 36.56 grams

The mass of propane that will be required can be obtain as illustrated below:

C₃H₈(g) + 5O₂(g) → 3CO₂(g) + 4H₂O(g)  ΔH = –2046 KJ

From the balanced equation above,

2046 KJ of heat energy required 44 g of propane, C₃H₈

Therefore,

1.7×10³ KJ of heat energy will require = (1.7×10³ KJ × 44 g) / 2046 KJ = 36.56 g of propane, C₃H₈

Thus, we can conclude that the mass of propane, C₃H₈ required is 36.56 grams

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Answer:

Br, Se, Sr, Rb

Explanation:

Atomic radius increases as you move to the left and down the periodic table. The increase in radius as you move left is due to decreasing effective nuclear charge (the pull an electron feels from the nucleus) since the number of protons decrease. The increase in radius as you move down is due to a higher number of principle energy levels (orbital in which the electron is located relative to the atom's nucleus), causing the electrons to be farther from the nucleus.

The reaction A + B → C has the following rate expression is 197.62 [A][B] M/s

Using the experimental data to determine the order of the reaction with respect to A and B, assume that the rate of the reaction is given by:

rate = [tex]k[A]^x[B]^y[/tex]

where k =  rate constant and

x and y = orders of the reaction with respect to A and B, respectively.

Compare the rates of the reaction in trials 1 and 2 while keeping the concentration of A constant:

rate1/rate2 = [tex]\frac{k[A]^x[B]^y}{k[A]^x[B]^y} = \frac{[B]^y}{[B]^y} = 1[/tex]

Conclude that the reaction is first-order with respect to B.

Similarly, compare the rates of the reaction in trials 1 and 3 while keeping the concentration of B constant:

rate1/rate3 =[tex]\frac{k[A]^x[B]^y}{k[A]^x[B]^y} = \frac{[A]^x}{[A]^x} = 1[/tex]

Therefore, the reaction is first-order with respect to A.

The rate expression for the reaction A + B → C is:

rate = k[A][B]

Using any of the experimental trials to determine the value of the rate constant k, use trial 1:

rate1 =[tex]k[A]^1[B]^1[/tex]

k = [tex]\frac{rate1}{[A]^1[B]^1}[/tex] = (3.30 E-3)/(0.012 M x 0.014 M) = 197.62 M⁻² s⁻¹

Therefore, the rate expression for the reaction A + B → C is:

rate = 197.62 [A][B] M/s

In this case, the units of k are M⁻¹ s⁻¹ because the reaction is first-order with respect to both A and B.

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To solve this problem, we need to use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between zinc (Zn) and hydrochloric acid (HCl):

[tex]Zn + 2HCl - > ZnCl_2 + H_2[/tex]

According to the stoichiometry of this equation, one mole of Zn reacts with two moles of HCl to produce one mole of H2. Therefore, we need to determine the number of moles of Zn in 25 g, and then use the mole ratio to find the number of moles of H2 produced.

Finally, we can convert the number of moles of H2 to volume at STP using the molar volume of a gas.

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of Zn in 25 g:

The molar mass of Zn is 65.38 g/mol

The number of moles of Zn in 25 g is:

25 g / 65.38 g/mol = 0.383 mol Zn

Next, we use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to find the number of moles of H2 produced:

According to the balanced equation, one mole of Zn reacts with one-half mole of H2, so we produce 0.5 x 0.383 = 0.192 mol H2.

Finally, we can use the molar volume of a gas at STP to convert the number of moles of H2 to volume:

The molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 dm3/mol

Therefore, the volume of H2 produced is:

V = (0.192 mol) x (22.4 dm3/mol) = 4.30 dm3 or 4,300 ml

Therefore, the volume of hydrogen gas produced at STP is 4.30 dm3 or 4,300 ml when 25 g of zinc is added to excess dilute hydrochloric acid at 31°C and 778 mm Hg pressure.

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1. The long-haired cat in the P generation is a purebred. This is because it has two copies of the recessive allele (hh) responsible for long hair.

2. The short-haired cat in the P generation is a hybrid. We know this because the offspring include both short-haired (Hh) and long-haired (hh) cats, indicating that the short-haired parent must have one dominant (H) and one recessive (h) allele (Hh).

3. If the short-haired cat in the P generation were purebred (HH), all offspring would have short hair, as they would inherit one dominant allele (H) from the short-haired parent and one recessive allele (h) from the long-haired parent, resulting in Hh offspring.

4. The black horse is a hybrid. Since the cross between a black horse (B...) and a brown horse (bb) produced a brown foal (bb), the black horse must carry one dominant allele (B) and one recessive allele (b) - making it a hybrid (Bb).

5. To determine whether a guinea pig with a smooth coat (S...) is a hybrid or a purebred, perform a test cross by mating it with a guinea pig with a rough coat (ss). If all offspring have smooth coats (Ss), the smooth-coated guinea pig is likely purebred (SS). If any offspring have a rough coat (ss), the smooth-coated guinea pig is a hybrid (Ss).

A dominant allele is a variant of a gene that expresses its trait even when only one copy is present in an individual's genotype. In other words, it masks the effect of another variant (allele) of the same gene when they are together.

A recessive allele is a variant of a gene that only expresses its trait when two copies are present in an individual's genotype. The trait associated with the recessive allele is "masked" by the presence of a dominant allele, and it will only be expressed if both copies of the gene are recessive.

The above answer is based on the question below;

In a test cross, the organism with the trait controlled by a dominant allele is crossed with an organism with a trait controlled by a recessive allele. If all offspring have the trait controlled by the dominant allele, then the parent is probably a purebred. If any offspring has the recessive strait, then the dominant parent is a hybrid.

1. Is the long-haired cat in the P generation a hybrid or a purebred? Explain your answer.

2. Is the short-haired cat in the P generation a hybrid or a purebred? Explain your answer.

3. If the short-haired cat in the P generation were purebred, what would you expect the offspring to look like?

4. In horses, the allele for a black coat (B) is dominant over the allele for a brown coat (b). A cross between a black horse and a brown horse produces a brown foal. Is the black horse a hybrid or a purebred? Explain.

5. In guinea pigs, the allele for a smooth coat (S) is dominant over the allele for a rough coat (s). Explain how you could find out whether a

guinea pig with a smooth coat is a hybrid or a purebred.

H= Short hair

h = Long hair

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The two true statements about a system are:

A) Systems are a group of objects analyzed as one unit.

B) Energy that moves across system boundaries is covered.

In general, a system can be defined as a group of objects or components that are connected or related to one another in some way, and that can be analyzed as a single unit. The components within a system can interact with each other, and with the environment outside of the system, in various ways. One of the key characteristics of a system is that it has a boundary or interface that separates it from the surrounding environment.

Energy, matter, or other quantities may flow across this boundary, and the interactions between the system and its environment can affect the behavior and properties of the system as a whole.

Overall, systems are a fundamental concept in many fields of science and engineering, and they can be used to model and analyze a wide range of phenomena, from physical systems like engines and circuits, to social and ecological systems like cities and ecosystems.

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To calculate the concentration resulting from the dilution of 500.0 mL of 4.267 M to a volume of 1.85 L, we can use the equation:
M1V1 = M2V2
where M1 is the initial concentration, V1 is the initial volume, M2 is the final concentration, and V2 is the final volume.

Plugging in the given values, we get:
4.267 M)(500.0 mL) = M2(1.85 L)
Simplifying this equation, we get:
M2 = (4.267 M)(500.0 mL) / (1.85 L)
M2 = 1.153 M
Therefore, the concentration resulting from the dilution is 1.153 M.
To calculate the concentration after dilution, you can use the dilution formula: C1V1 = C2V2, where C1 and V1 are the initial concentration and volume, and C2 and V2 are the final concentration and volume.
Given:
C1 = 4.267 M
V1 = 500.0 mL = 0.5 L (converted to liters)
V2 = 1.85 L
Now, find C2:

C2 = (C1 * V1) / V2
C2 = (4.267 M * 0.5 L) / 1.85 L
C2 ≈ 1.153 M
The concentration after dilution is approximately 1.153 M.

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To find the concentration resulting from the dilution, we can use the equation:
M1V1 = M2V2
where M1 is the initial concentration, V1 is the initial volume, M2 is the final concentration, and V2 is the final volume.

Plugging in the given values, we get:
(4.267 M)(500.0 mL) = M2(1.85 L)
Simplifying and converting units, we get:
M2 = (4.267 M)(500.0 mL) / (1.85 L)
M2 = 1.16 M
Therefore, the concentration resulting from the dilution is 1.16 M.
To find the concentration after dilution, you can use the dilution formula:
C1V1 = C2V2
where C1 is the initial concentration, V1 is the initial volume, C2 is the final concentration, and V2 is the final volume.
Given:
C1 = 4.267 M
V1 = 500.0 mL (0.5 L)
V2 = 1.85 L
Rearrange the formula to solve for C2:
C2 = (C1V1) / V2
Now, plug in the given values:
C2 = (4.267 M * 0.5 L) / 1.85 L
C2 ≈ 1.154 M
So, the resulting concentration after dilution is approximately 1.154 M.

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Answer:

Leaves are green due to the presence of an organelle chloroplast (in abundance) which contains the pigment chlorophyll

Explanation:

Now saying chlorophyll pigment  is a green pigment might be slightly incorrect. The two famous types (Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b) only absorb red and blue light from the atmosphere and reflect green light hence giving the pigment a green appearance and lastly giving the leaves a green color too

Answer:

Chlorophyll

Explanation:

Plants are often seen as green to the human eye due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is the primary pigment used in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs light in the red and blue-violet parts of the spectrum, but reflects or transmits green light, resulting in the characteristic green color of leaves.

The number of mole of the gas lost, given that the pressure had dropped to 97.0 atm is 44.5 moles

First, we shall determine the initial mole of the gas. Details below:

P₁V₁ = n₁RT₁

107 × 109 = n₁ × 0.0821 × 298

Divide both sides by (0.0821 × 298)

n₁ = (107 × 109) / (0.0821 × 298)

n₁ = 476.7 mole

Next, w shall determine the final mole of the gas. Details below

P₂V₂ = n₂RT₂

97 × 109 = n₂ × 0.0821 × 298

Divide both sides by (0.0821 × 298)

n₂ = (97 × 109) / (0.0821 × 298)

n₂ = 432.2 mole

Finally, we shall determine the mole of the gas that was lost. Details below:

Mole lost = n₁ - n₂

Mole lost = 476.7 - 432.2

Mole of gas lost = 44.5 moles

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The intital common temperature of copper and water is 9.5°C, under the condition that 10.0 g of ice at -10.0C is placed into 300.0 g of water in a 200.0-g copper calorimeter.

Now to evaluate the initial common temperature of the water and copper calorimeter, we have to apply the formula
m1c1(Tk - Ti) + m2c2(Tk - Ti)
= mcopperccopper(Tk - Ti)

Here,
m1 = mass of water,
c1 =specific heat capacity of water,
m2 = mass of copper calorimeter,
c2 = specific heat capacity of copper calorimeter, mcopper = mass of copper block
ccopper =specific heat capacity of copper.

Here, this equation to evaluate Ti
Ti = (m1c1Tk + m2c2Tk - mcopperccopperTk - m1c1Ti - m2c2Ti) / (m1c1 + m2c2 - mcopperccopper)

Staging the given values into this equation
Ti = (-300.0 g)(4.18 J/g°C)(18.0°C) + (200.0 g)(0.385 J/g°C)(18.0°C) + (10.0 g)(0.385 J/g°C)(18.0°C) / [(300.0 g)(4.18 J/g°C) + (200.0 g)(0.385 J/g°C) - (10.0 g)(0.385 J/g°C)]
Ti = 9.5°C

Hence, the initial common temperature of the water and copper calorimeter was 9.5°C.
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Answer:

[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf Q = 1105.65\ cal}[/tex]

Explanation:

Mass = m = 450 g

T₁ = 19.5 °C

T₂ = 31.2 °C

Change in Temperature = ΔT = 31.2 - 19.5 = 11.7 °C

c = 0.21 cal/g °C

Heat = Q = ?

Q = mcΔT

Put the given data in the above formula.

Q = (450)(0.21)(11.7)

Q = 1105.65 cal

[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]

To answer these questions, we need to know what substance you are referring to, as well as the data from the experiment.

1. After a certain number of time intervals (shakes), one-half of your atoms (candies) would decay. This number would depend on the specific substance and its half-life.
2. The half-life of a substance is the time it takes for half of its atoms to decay.
3. If the half-life model decayed perfectly, the number of remaining atoms after 12 seconds would depend on the initial number of atoms and the half-life of the substance.
4. If you increased the initial number of atoms (candies) to 300, the overall shape of the graph would not be altered. This is because the half-life decay is a percentage-based process, meaning it would still follow an exponential decay pattern.
5. To calculate the percentage of decay for each three-second interval, you would divide the number of candies decayed by the number previously remaining and multiply by 100. This would show the percentage of decay for each interval.
6. This activity may not perfectly model the concept of half-life, but it can provide a close approximation. Any discrepancies may be due to experimental errors or limitations.
7. To compare how well this activity modeled the half-life of a radioactive element, you would need to analyze the decay percentages over time. If there are differences in the effectiveness of the half-life model, it could be due to the limitations of the experimental setup, such as using candies as a representation of atoms.

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Five types of begging the question include: Circular reasoning, Loaded question, False analogy,  Suppressed evidence and Appeal to authority.

Begging the question is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone assumes the truth of a premise in their argument, without providing evidence or proof. There are several types of begging the question:

1. Circular reasoning: This occurs when someone uses their conclusion as one of their premises, essentially assuming what they are trying to prove.
Example: "God exists because the Bible says so, and the Bible is the word of God."

2. Loaded question: This occurs when someone asks a question that assumes a particular answer or perspective.
Example: "Have you stopped beating your spouse yet?" This question assumes that the person being asked was previously beating their spouse.

3. False analogy: This occurs when someone uses an analogy that is not relevant or applicable to the argument at hand.
Example: "Banning guns is like banning cars because both can be used to kill people." This analogy is false because cars have a primary function of transportation, whereas guns have a primary function of killing.

4. Suppressed evidence: This occurs when someone ignores or dismisses evidence that contradicts their argument.
Example: "I don't believe in climate change because it's cold outside today." This argument suppresses evidence that shows long-term trends of warming temperatures.

5. Appeal to authority: This occurs when someone uses an authority figure or expert as evidence, without providing any other support for their argument.
Example: "Dr. Smith says that this diet is the best for losing weight, so it must be true." This argument appeals to Dr. Smith's authority without providing any evidence or research to support the claim.

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We can use the combined gas law to solve this problem:

(P1V1/T1) = (P2V2/T2)

where P1, V1, and T1 are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively, and P2, V2, and T2 are the final pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively.

We are given that the initial pressure is P1 = 837 mm Hg and the initial volume is V1 = 1.5 × 10^7 L. The initial temperature is T1 = 18.4°C, which we need to convert to Kelvin by adding 273.15:

T1 = 18.4°C + 273.15 = 291.55 K

We are also given that the final pressure is P2 = 707 mm Hg and the final temperature is T2 = -31°C, which we need to convert to Kelvin:

T2 = -31°C + 273.15 = 242.15 K

Now we can solve for the final volume, V2:

(P1V1/T1) = (P2V2/T2)

V2 = (P1V1T2) / (P2T1)

V2 = (837 mm Hg * 1.5 × 10^7 L * 242.15 K) / (707 mm Hg * 291.55 K)

V2 = 5.26 × 10^6 L

Therefore, the volume occupied by the helium gas at the higher altitude is 5.26 × 10^6 L.

Answer: 6.11 L

Explanation:

STP= 1atm, 273.15K

Molar mass of CO2=44.01g/mol so n= (12.0/44.01)

PV=nRT

V=(nRT)/P

V=((12.0/44.01)(0.0821)(273.15))/1

V=6.11L

The initial sample had 0.010925 mol of Copper(II) oxide, or one mole.

The kinetic-molecular theory, which describes the states of matter, is based on the presumption that matter is composed of minuscule particles that are constantly in motion. This theory explains the observable properties and behaviours of solids, liquids, and gases. The container's walls and the quickly moving particles' collisions with one another are constant.

Copper(II) oxide + Sulfuric acid → Cupric sulfate + Water

One mole of Copper(II) oxide interacts with one mole of Sulfuric acid, as shown by the equation. The amount of Sulfuric acid that reacted with the Copper(II) oxide in the sample is therefore equal to the amount of Copper(II) oxide in the sample.

We must first determine how many moles of Sulfuric acid interacted with the sample:

moles Sulfuric acid = concentration × volume

moles Sulfuric acid = 0.437 mol/L × 0.025 L

moles Sulfuric acid = 0.010925 mol

Since the acid is in excess, the moles of Sulfuric acid remaining after treatment of the sample is:

moles Sulfuric acid remaining = moles Sulfuric acid added – moles Sulfuric acid reacted

moles Sulfuric acid remaining = 0.437 mol/L × 0.0354 L – 0.010925 mol

moles Sulfuric acid remaining = 0.007571 mol

To determine the number of moles of Copper(II) oxide in the original sample, we can use the following equation:

moles Copper(II) oxide = moles Sulfuric acid reacted = 0.010925 mol

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A 10 g piece of metal at 50°C absorbs 900 G of energy after which the temperature of the metal is 350°C. 0.35J/g°C is the specific heat of the metal.

The amount of heat needed to raise a substance's temperature by one degree Celsius in one gramme, also known as specific heat. Typically, calories and joules per gramme per degree Celsius are used as the measurement units of specific heat.

For instance, water has a specific heat of 1 calorie per gramme per degree Celsius. The notion of specific heat was developed by the Scottish scientist Joseph Black in the 18th century as a result of his discovery that equal masses of different substances required varying quantities.

q = m×c×ΔT

900= 10×c×( 350-50)

c=0.35J/g°C

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Diffrences in water temperature in the ocean create movement because bodies of water at different temperatures have different densities.

Water that is colder is generally denser than water that is warmer, so when a body of water with colder, denser water is next to a body of water with warmer, less dense water, a density gradient is established. This gradient creates a difference in pressure between the two bodies of water, with the colder, denser water being at a higher pressure than the warmer, less dense water.

This difference in pressure creates a force that drives the movement of water from the denser, colder region to the less dense, warmer region. This movement of water is known as convection, and it can occur both vertically and horizontally in the ocean. Vertical convection occurs when differences in temperature cause water to rise or sink, while horizontal convection occurs when water moves laterally due to differences in temperature.

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missing options:

1. as water heats up, the atoms of water more faster.

2. warm water is pulled more by gravity than cold water.

3. warm and cold water mix and reach the same temperature.

4. bodies of water at different temperatures have different densities.

Answer:It might exposed

Explanation: or a spayed H2O might change because different water change over time