During photosynthesis, pigment molecules in chloroplasts must absorb eight photons (four by each photosystem) for every O2 molecule they produce, according to the equation 2H2O+NADP++8photons⟶2NADPH+2H++O2 The standard free‑energy change ( Δ′° ) for the light‑independent production of O2 is 400 kJ/mol. Assuming that these photons have a wavelength of 700 nm (red) and that the light absorption and use of light energy are 100% efficient, calculate the standard free‑energy change for the process.
The standard free-energy change for the photosynthesis reaction is -184 kJ/mol.
Since the reaction involves the production of O₂ and NADPH, we can write the equilibrium constant (K) as:
K = [NADPH]² × [O₂] ÷ [H2O]² × [NADP⁺]
Given that Δ′° = -400 kJ/mol, we can calculate the value of K using the relation:
ΔG° = -RT ln(K)
ΔG° = -400 kJ/mol
Assuming the temperature to be 25°C (298 K), and the gas constant R to be 8.314 J/mol K, we get:
ln(K) = ΔG° ÷ (-RT)
ln(K) = 400,000 J/mol ÷ (-8.314 J/mol K × 298 K)
ln(K) = -51.2
[tex]K = e^{-51.2}[/tex]
K = 3.3 x 10⁻²³
Now, we need to calculate the energy (E) of each photon using the relation:
E = hc ÷ λ
where h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, and λ is the wavelength of the photons.
E = (6.626 x 10⁻³⁴ J s x 2.998 x 10⁸ m/s) ÷ (700 x 10⁻⁹ m)
E = 2.84 x 10⁻¹⁹ J
Since 8 photons are required to produce one O₂ molecule, the energy required to produce one O₂ molecule is:
8 x 2.84 x 10⁻¹⁹ J = 2.27 x 10⁻¹⁸ J
To calculate the free-energy change (ΔG) for the process of photosynthesis using the relation:
ΔG = -nFE, where n is the number of electrons transferred, F is Faraday's constant, and E is the potential difference.
In this case, two electrons are transferred to produce one O₂ molecule and two NADPH molecules, and the potential difference (E) is 0.95 V
ΔG = -2 x (96,485 C/mol) x (0.95 J/C)
ΔG = -184,000 J/mol
ΔG = -184 kJ/mol
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1.11 Graded Assignment: Discussion: Differentiating Among Newton's First, Second, and Third Laws
So you have to write what are the differences between newtons 3 laws and what they are
1. Newton's first law of motion projects that a object at rest will remain at rest, and a object in motion will remain in motion with a constant velocity, until or unless a force is acted upon by the external environment.
2. Newton's second law of motion projects that the acceleration of an object is considered to be directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and generally inversely proportional to its mass.
3. Newton's third law of motion projects that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The first law is also renowned as the law of inertia. The second law thoroughly distinguishes the relationship between applied force and the rate of change of momentum. And finally the third law is also know as the law of action and reaction because it depends on the type of stimulus that is experienced from the environment when the individual is applying force.
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The diagram shows three plant cells and the solute concentrations of their cell solutions. Explain how water will move between the cells and by which process.
0.8%
Cell two
(
0.7%
Cell one
0.6%
Cell three
Answer:
Osmosis
Explanation:
water is drawn into the root hair cell by osmosis.The cell sap is usually more concentrated than the soil water.A concentration gradient exists between the cell sap in the vacuole of the root hair cell and the soil water.This exerts a higher osmotic pressure that leads to drawing of water molecules into the root hair cell by osmosis then finally to the xylem vessels.
College Biology help please
Based on the figure of differential gene expression shown:
Bicoid does not have any effect on the expression of Caudal.Nanos decreases the expression of Hunchback.What is the strategy being used to initiate differential gene expression here?The strategy being used to initiate differential gene expression in the developing fly larva is the establishment of morphogen gradients.
These gradients determine the spatial pattern of gene expression, leading to the formation of different cell types along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes of the larva.
The genes coding for the mRNAs for Bicoid, Caudal, Nanos, and Hunchback are differentially expressed.
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The table below shows the percentage similarity in amino acids sequences from a homologous gene derived from five different species of mammals and compared to that of a homologous gene of a human.
Depict the evolutionary relationships among all six species, including humans, using their evolutionary relatedness according to their percentage of gene similarity.
Based on the percentage similarity in amino acid sequences, we can construct a simple evolutionary tree as follows:
Chimpanzee (99.7%)
|
Human (100%)
|
Orangutan (98.6%)
|
Rhesus Monkey (96.9%)
|
Baboon (97.2%)
|
Rabbit (93.7%)
What are the evolutionary relationships among all six species?The evolutionary relationship among all six species is represented in the form of an evolutionary tree.
This tree shows the relative evolutionary relatedness of each species, with the species that are more closely related appearing closer together on the tree.
In this case, chimpanzees are the closest relatives of humans, followed by orangutans, rhesus monkeys, baboons, and finally rabbits, which are the most distantly related of the species shown.
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Why is expressed sequence tag library a fitting name for a collection of clones made from mRNA?
Veronica caught her neighbor, selling her purse the neighbor confessed that she didn’t have enough money to pay her rent and bills even though Veronica sympathize with her neighbor, she felt the complaint against her because she wanted to follow the law according to Kohlberg stages of moral development she is most likely in what stage of moral development
Veronica is most likely in Kohlberg's stage 4 of moral development, the Law and Order Orientation.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes six stages, divided into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Stage 4, which is part of the conventional level, is called the Law and Order Orientation. In this stage, individuals are concerned with following the rules and maintaining the social order. They believe that obeying the law is essential for society to function properly.
The individuals in this stage tend to conform to society's expectations and consider the consequences of their actions on others. They view breaking the law as a serious offense and see punishment as a necessary consequence. Veronica's actions indicate that she is concerned with following the law and maintaining order in her community, which aligns with the characteristics of Stage 4.
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A population of lizards with two common phenotypes for color is introduced into an environment. One phenotype is brown and the other is green. Throughout the year, the environment has a combination of green grassy areas and areas of brown soil without plants. Hawks and coyotes hunt the lizards for food. If the environment remains stable, what is likely to happen and why?
A. The green phenotype is likely to become more common because green lizards will have less competition for resources.
B. The brown phenotype is likely to become more common because brown lizards will be less likely to survive predation.
C. Both phenotypes are likely to remain common because they will be equally likely to survive and reproduce.
D. Both phenotypes are likely to become less common because they blend in with and can hide in their environment.
Answer:
Explanation:
I think the answer must be D
Determine the speed of the cyclist between 10 and 12 hours.
Based on the information provided in the graph, the speed between 10 and 12 hours was one kilometer per hour.
How to calculate the speed?To calculate speed using time and distance, you can use the following formula:
Speed = Distance / Time
Here's how to use this formula:
Determine the distance traveled. This can be measured in meters, kilometers, miles, or any other unit of distance.Determine the time taken to travel the distance. This can be measured in seconds, minutes, hours, or any other unit of time.Divide the distance by the time to get the speed. Make sure the units for distance and time match.Speed= 2 km / 2 hr = 1 km/hr
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A small forest stood on the edge of an expanding city. In the middle of the forest was a large pond, which arose from a natural spring. As the city expanded, the forest was cut down, the pond drained, and the area paved over for a mall and office buildings. After five years, the average humidity of the area seemed to have decreased. Use your knowledge of the water cycle to interpret this observation.
Explanation:
The water cycle ( aka the hydrological cycle ) is a biogeochemical cycle which illustrates the constant movement of water on, above and below the Earth's surface.
The water cycle plays a major function in the sustainability of life on Earth as most living organisms can't do without water. Because the cycle is a natural process, it depends on natural presences for its continuation and those presences certainly do not include office buildings and malls.
Plants contribute majorly to the water cycle, as do animals, but not on such a large scale as plants. Green plants give off water in its gaseous state (water vapour) through the process of transpiration which is one of the key stages in the water cycle. Green plants also absorb and make use of the water in the earth's soil which is made possible through the process of percolation, another key component of the hydrological cycle.
For the scenario stated in the question, because the trees which made up the forest were cut down to give way for the city's expansion, there was an alteration in that region's water cycle. The pond which was sustaining and being sustained by their roles in the efficient circulation of water, naturally began to dry up with their decreasing numbers.
Thus, the humidity of the area ultimately decreased with time because of this alteration.
hope this helps! :)
Help me write a research proposal Title: "Freshwater fish pond" (include sources and citations)
Answer:
Explanation:
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
What are Punnett squares used to determine?
A
Possibility of a mother having twins
B
Probability of a trait being passed on to offspring
C
Mutation rate in a population
D
Number of genes that code for a trait
Answer:B
Explanation: Punnet sqaures are used to find the ratio between possible genotypes(possible allele combinations) in a cross; whether a trait is passed to offspring depends on it's genotype resultant from the cross, and the dominant/recessive relationship between the alleles. (cross=mating event, genotype= genetic makeup)
Answer:
B
EXPLANATION: punnett squares are used to determine possiblity of a trait being passed on to offspring
Which of the following is a benefit of renewable energy?
O It is unlimited or quickly replenished.
OIt costs less to use than fossil fuels.
OIt is from clean energy sources.
OIt uses man-made resources.
Answer: it is unlimited or quickly replenished
What naturally occurring phenomenon does geothermal power takes advantage of to produce electricity? (WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST TO THE CORRECT ANSWER)
solar energy
energy from organic matter
underground heat
energy from moving water
Answer:
Underground heat
Explanation:
Answer: C underground heat.
Explanation:
Democratic structures
Answer:
Democratic structures refer to the systems and institutions that are designed to support democracy and promote democratic principles, such as transparency, accountability, and citizen participation1. These structures can exist at various levels of government, from national to local, and provide citizens with different ways to participate in the democratic process.
In a representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. These representatives are held accountable to the citizens through regular elections and other mechanisms of democratic accountability. Examples of democratic structures in a representative democracy include legislative bodies, such as parliaments or congresses, and executive bodies, such as presidents or prime ministers.
There are many different types of democratic structures and systems, each with its own unique features and characteristics. The specific democratic structures that exist in a given country or community depend on its history, culture, and political traditions.
Explanation:
Question 4 (1 point)
Population size in nature is ALWAYS constant. (Lesson 5.07)
True
False
Answer:
true
Explanation:
(ANSWER ASAP!! :) GIVING BRAINLIEST WHEN I CAN)
Look at the Punnett square above. Mom and dad are both heterozygous - which means that they each have 1 dominant gene and 1 recessive gene.
What is the genotype ratio (genetic code) for their offspring?
Answer: The genotype ratio for their offspring would be 1:2:1.
Explanation: If both parents are heterozygous, meaning they each carry one dominant and one recessive allele for a particular gene, then the genotype ratio for their offspring would be 1:2:1. This means that for every one offspring with a homozygous dominant genotype (two dominant alleles), there would be two offspring with a heterozygous genotype (one dominant and one recessive allele), and one offspring with a homozygous recessive genotype (two recessive alleles).
Answer:
1:2:1
Explanation:
there's one punnett square for both HH and hh, and two squares for Hh
Taking on the attitudes of others because of real or imagined pressure is:
A. social cognition
B. minority influence
C. deindividuation
D. conformity
The sodium-potassium pump
A. maintains electrochemical gradients by pumping 3 Na* ions outward and 2 K* ions inward.
B. is an example of passive transport.
C. is used routinely for moving a substance out of a cell.
D. is an example of facilitated diffusion.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The sodium-potassium pump is used for balancing charges through the movement of Na and K ions
If a mutation made histone proteins bind less tightly to DNA, how might the cell cycle be affected?
Please put in your own words.
Histone proteins control the cell cycle, a process of cell division and proliferation. Proteins called histones bond to DNA and aid in packing it into a more manageable shape.
The cell cycle would be significantly affected if a mutation made histone proteins less firmly bound to DNA. This is due to how crucial it is for histones to attach to DNA and control gene expression during the cell cycle.
The cell cycle may be thrown off if histone proteins aren't properly bound, which might result in aberrant cell division and growth. Furthermore, the proper operation of the cell cycle depends on histones' capacity to control gene expression. If histones were unable to correctly connect to DNA,cell cycle would disrupt.
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What structure do fish lose that other vertebrates keep?
Aquatic vertebrates such as fish have developed special adaptations to live in water. Loss of a bone component in their ears known as the "labyrinthine apparatus" is one of these adaptations.
All other vertebrates have this structure, which serves as a sound wave detector and aids in balance and orientation. However, in fish, a more straightforward system of canals filled with fluid and sensory cells has taken the place of this structure.
It is believed that fish evolved without the labyrinthine apparatus to lighten the weight of their heads and increase swimming efficiency.
Fish have evolved various adaptations, such as specialised sense organs and lateral lines, to navigate and live in their aquatic environment despite the absence of this structure.
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If we have already used 120 tonnes of fossil fuel, how many tonnes of fossil fuels are left to use before we reach the limit of our carbon budget?
O 155 billion tonneau
O 275 billion tonnes
351 billion tonnes
O 625 billion tonnes
The number of tonnes of fossil fuels left to use before we reach the limit of our carbon budget is 155 billion tonnes (option A).
How to deduce data from a graph?A graph is a chart (graphical representation of data) intended to illustrate the relationship between a set(s) of numbers (quantities, measurements or indicative numbers) and a reference set.
According to this question, a graph showing the global carbon budget for a 2-degree world is given. The carbon budget limit is indicated to be 275 billion tonnes.
This means that if we have already used 120 tonnes of fossil fuel, the number of tonnes left before the limit is exceeded is 275 - 120 = 155 million tonnes left.
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Which option best describes the water cycle?
A.
The cycling of water through a living organism over the organism's lifetime
B.
The flow of water through the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere
C.
The cycling of thermal energy through rain, snow, and other forms of precipitation
D.
The flow of thermal energy, water, and salts through the ocean conveyor belt
B.
its a close description to rain wster
Natural selection is a process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to
increase in size.
migrate.
evolve new traits.
survive.
Mark this and return
Answer:
Survive is the correct answer
Explanation:
Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different in some ways. This variation means that some individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others. Individuals with adaptive traits—traits that give them some advantage—are more likely to survive and reproduce. These individuals then pass the adaptive traits on to their offspring. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population
Di-Hybrid Crosses - you will be looking at 2 traits at the same time. Your goal will be to determinewhether two genes are on the same chromosome or not, and how far apart they are. Before you set outto solve the problem, let's do a warm up cross.Warm up Cross. Cross a wild type female with a male - design - Bristles -spineless and Wing shape -dumpy.
1.Based on your F1 resultsmake a claimabout how the dumpy and spineless bristles are inherited(e.g. autosomal, dominant, etc.). Justifyyour claim.
Based on the cross between a wild type female and a male with the genotype Bristles-spineless and Wing shape-dumpy, the F1 generation will all be heterozygous for the two traits: Bristles-spineless/+ and Wing shape-dumpy/+.
How to explain the informationIf the inheritance of these traits is autosomal, meaning they are located on non-sex chromosomes, then we can make the following claim that the inheritance of both traits is recessive.
If both traits are recessive, then the wild type female parent would have to be homozygous dominant for both traits (Bristles+/+ and Wing shape+/+) and the male parent would have to be homozygous recessive for both traits (Bristlesss and Wing shapedpdp).
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HELP ME PLEASE!!! *100 points and brainliest for best answer*
Fill in the punnet square:
T
------------
| Tt |
t | Tt tt |
------------
In the completed Punnett square, what percentage of the offspring are homozygous recessive?
Answer:
, 25% of the offspring are homozygous recessive for trait T.
Explanation:
To find the percentage of the offspring that are homozygous recessive, you need to count how many boxes have the genotype tt and divide by the total number of boxes. In this case, there is only one box with tt out of four boxes, so the percentage is 1/4 or 25%. Therefore, 25% of the offspring are homozygous recessive for trait T.
Which are potential sources of error in the experiment? Check all that apply. estimating temperature to the nearest tenth of a degree estimating the mass of the sample to the nearest tenth of a gram estimating the thickness of the foam cups the position of the cups of sand and water under the heat lamp the brand of light bulb used for the heat lamp the air temperature outside the lab
Below are list of potential sources of error in the experiment:
Estimating temperature to the nearest tenth of a degreeEstimating the mass of the sample to the nearest tenth of a gramEstimating the thickness of the foam cupsThe position of the cups of sand and water under the heat lampThe brand of light bulb used for the heat lampThe air temperature outside the labWhat are experiments?A hypothesis can be rigorously tested through a systematic procedure known as an experiment. In essence, experiments allow for controlled manipulations of variables while measuring their effects on outcomes.
Fields like science, psychology, medicine and engineering majorly utilize this technique to answer specific questions about phenomena.
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Answer:
1
2
4
Explanation:
Have a great day!
How can computer controlled systems potentially be beneficial for milking cows?
Answer: Computer-controlled systems can potentially be beneficial for milking cows in a number of ways.
One of the main advantages of using computer-controlled systems for milking cows is that they can help automate the milking process, which can save time and labor for farmers. These systems can be designed to automatically attach and detach milking machines from cows, monitor milk output, and even detect signs of disease or health problems in individual cows.
Another advantage of using computer-controlled systems for milking cows is that they can help improve milk quality and yield. These systems can be designed to monitor the milk output of each cow in real-time, which can help farmers identify cows that are producing lower-quality milk or are at risk of developing health problems. Additionally, computer-controlled systems can help ensure that cows are milked at the optimal time, which can help maximize milk yield and reduce stress on the cows.
Finally, computer-controlled systems can help improve animal welfare by reducing stress on the cows and providing them with a more comfortable and controlled environment. These systems can be designed to adjust the milking process based on the individual needs and preferences of each cow, which can help reduce discomfort and improve overall health. Additionally, computer-controlled systems can help farmers identify cows that are in need of medical attention or other forms of care, which can help prevent health problems and improve overall animal welfare.
Using a light microscope, you observe a cell that has no nucleus. What features would you look for to
determine whether it is a eukaryotic cell undergoing mitosis or a prokaryotic cell?
Put in your own words please.
As eukaryotic cells always have a nucleus, if the cell being observed lacks a nucleus, it is most likely a prokaryotic cell. However, there are a few features to look for to confirm this observation:
1. Prokaryotic cells are smaller in size than eukaryotic cells, so if a cell is particularly small, it is more likely to belong to this phylum.
2. Prokaryotic cells can be rod-shaped (such as bacilli), spherical (such as cocci), or spiral-shaped (such as spirilla).
3. Peptidoglycan forms the cell wall of many prokaryotic cells, which can be visualized by special staining methods.
4. Mitosis is a process that only eukaryotic cells can undergo, as prokaryotic cells are unable to undergo it.
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HELP ME PLEASE!!! *80 points and brainliest for best answer*
Fill in the punnet square: (Picture of punnet square attached below)
In the completed Punnett square, what percentage of the offspring are homozygous recessive?
Both of the answers are little t because T and t make Tt and t and t make tt so both are t
